Research activity

The analysis and interpretation of diffraction patterns and other data from these new instruments required advanced mathematical skills. The first theoretical physicist to join the Institute was Gert Moliere, who arrived at the Institute shortly after completing his doctorate under Max von Laue in 1935 and remained in Dahlem until around 1940. During this time, he formulated a quantum mechanical account of X-ray diffraction in metals based on Laue s classical dynamic theory of diffraction, in which crystals were treated as continuous dielectrics. In 

Beginning in 1934, August Winkel directed an independent Department for Colloid Chemistry, through which he furthered the research on aerosols, smokes and fogs that he had previously pursued under Jander. Winkel emphasized the relevance of research on these colloidal systems to meteorology and to occupational health, e.g. protection from inhaled particulates through smoke and dust filters. He also noted, markedly more reticently, the possible military applications 

38 Vortrag Kurt Oberreiter, Berlin, 2. Juli 1981, MPGA Abt. VII/2 Tontrager, Uberreiter T 135 1/2. 

39 Aktennotiz Walther Forstmann an Ernst Telschow, 8 May 1940, MPGA Abt. I, la. Nr. 1175. 

Kurt Uberreiter joined the Institute in 1937 as a doctoral student under Jenckel. He grew to be an important member of the Institute staff and carried out essential research into the structure and rigidity of plastics. Uberreiter developed two fundamental concepts in early plastics research. First he characterized the glass-like 

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The results of an experimental research activity aimed at the system setup of the Stress Pattern Analysis by Measuring Thermal Emission used to measure the sum of the principal stresses of the free surface are presented. 

The research activity here presented has been carried out at the N.D.T. laboratory of l.S.P.E.S.L. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention) and it is aimed at the set up of the Stress Pattern Analysis by Measuring Thermal Emission technique [I] applied to pressure vessels. Basically, the SPATE system detects the infrared flux emitted from points resulting from the minute temperature changes in a cyclically stressed structure or component. 

The 5th Framework Programme must be more flexible, both in its research activities and in the decision-making process. The Commission proposes that a simplified decision-making procedure should apply to research policy, including the use of qualified majority voting rather than unanimity in the Council of Ministers. 

The main source of information about EU research activities is the CORDIS database, also accessible via Internet ... 

There has been a surge of research activity in the physical chemistry of membranes, bilayers, and vesicles. In addition to the fundamental interest in cell membranes and phospholipid bilayers, there is tremendous motivation for the design of supported membrane biosensors for medical and pharmaceutical applications (see the recent review by Sackmann [64]). This subject, in particular its biochemical aspects, is too vast for full development here we will only briefly discuss some of the more physical aspects of these systems. The reader is referred to the general references and some additional reviews [65-69]. 

Even after 30 years of research activity in the field, my personal experience encompasses only a fraction of the methodologies included in the book. I have selected the methods and examples on the basis of utility and reliability as judged by frequency of application in the literature or by indication that specific procedures are especially convenient. I will welcome comments from chemists whose experience, good or bad, will help in recognizing the best of the many methods that are available. 

Catalysis. Kistler explored the catalytic appHcations of aerogels ia the 1930s because of the unique pore characteristics of aerogels (24), but this area of research stayed dormant for about three decades until less tedious procedures to produce the materials were introduced (25,26). Three recent review articles summarize the flurry of research activities since then (63—65). Table 3 is a much abbreviated Hst of what has been cited in these three articles to demonstrate simply the wide range of catalytic materials and reactions that have been studied. 

Development of New Processes. There has been significant research activity to develop new processes for producing formaldehyde. Even though this work has been extensive, no commercial units are known to exist based on the technologies discussed ia the following. 

Research activities in the area of PODs containing aromatic groups have been centered around the production of highly processible, soluble, and thermally stable polymers. In this particular class of PODs, the imide-and phenylene-containing backbones have been widely explored. 

A great disadvantage of PHB is the necessity to operate at very low temperatures (<20 K). Therefore, this recording technique currently has no practical significance but it is subject to intensive research activity (175). One future aspect which may be important, if room temperature materials become available, is the usage of inexpensive semiconductor lasers in the near ir-regime (176). 

The first appearance of the term "alkyd resin" in the subject index of Chemicaly bstracts 2iS. in 1929, under Resins. It was not until 1936 that Alkyd Resins was Hsted in its alphabetical place, but stiU appeared as "See Resinous Products." The proliferation of Hterature on alkyd resins peaked from the 1940s through the 1960s. Research activities on alkyds in the United States, as indicated by the number of pubHcations, has apparentiy tapered off since the 1970s. Readers interested in alkyd history can find more detailed historical reviews elsewhere (1 4). 

Nonetheless, these methods only estimate organ-averaged radiation dose. Any process which results in high concentrations of radioactivity in organs outside the MIRD tables or in very small volumes within an organ can result in significant error. In addition, the kinetic behavior of materials in the body can have a dramatic effect on radiation dose and models of material transport are constandy refined. Thus radiation dosimetry remains an area of significant research activity. 

Over 565,000 t/yr of nonftber crystalline nylons is sold worldwide (63). Since markets are controUed by the economy, a modest growth of 5—8%/yr is expected. Although currently only ca 900 t/yr of amorphous nylons is sold worldwide (64), a growth rate of 10% is expected because of increased research activity. Currently, the amorphous nylon resins compete with PEI and polyesters in many appHcations. 

Upases. The idea of using Upases in the wash process dates back to 1913 when O. Rn hm suggested a dding pancreatin [8049-47-6] to detergent formulations. Many patents have demonstrated that Upases can improve the removal of fatty stains when used in powder and liquid detergents, special presoakers, or other cleaning agents. Intense research activity is also reflected in the literature (43—45). 

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

Please notice that in a well-ventilated laboratory and a pressure cell, these experiments can be executed safely. In seven years of graduate research activity at the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Akron, only one catalyst ignition and one real CO alarm occurred. Several false CO alarms were sounded until someone noticed that they always happened about 2 30 PM. As it turned out, one maintenance employee parked his old car right in front of the air intake to the lab ventilation. He warmed up his car for a while before he started to go home after his shift, and the motor exhaust gas set off the false alarms. 

As in Europe, air pollution research activity expanded tremendously in the United States during these three decades. The headquarters of federal research activity was at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center of the PHS in Cincinnati, Ohio, during the early years of the period and at the National Environmental Research Center in Triangle Park, North Carolina, at the end of the period. 

COST has developed into one of the largest frameworks for research cooperation in Europe and is a valuable mechanism for coordinating national research activities in Europe. Today it has almost 200 actions and involves nearly 30,000 scientists from 32 European member countries and more than 50 participating institutions from 11 nonniember countries. 

A number of examples have been studied in recent years, including liquid sulfur [1-3,8] and selenium [4], poly(o -methylstyrene) [5-7], polymer-like micelles [9,11], and protein filaments [12]. Besides their importance for applications, EP pose a number of basic questions concerning phase transformations, conformational and relaxational properties, dynamics, etc. which distinguish them from conventional dead polymers in which the reaction of polymerization has been terminated. EP motivate intensive research activity in this field at present. 

The aforementioned reviews and assessments were assimilated to characterize the effect of dielectric, rotational, and mechanical hazards on motor performance and operational readiness. Functional indicators were identified that can be monitored to assess motor component deterioration caused by aging or other accidental stressors. The study also includes a preliminary discussion of current standards and guides, maintenance programs, and research activities pertaining to nuclear power plant safety-related electric motors. Included are motor manufacturer recommendations, responses from repair facilities to a questionnaire, in-service inspection data, expert knowledge, USNRC-IE audit reports, and standards and guides published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 

Few areas of organic medicinal chemistry in recent memory have had so many closely spaced pulses of intense research activity as the prostaglandins. Following closely on the heels of the discovery of the classical monocyclic prostaglandins (prostaglandin El, F2, A2, etc.), with their powerful associated activities, for example, oxytocic, blood pressure regulating, and inflammatory, was the discovery of the bicyclic analogues (the thromboxanes, prostacyclin) with their profound effects on hemodynamics and platelet function. More recently, the non-... 

Chiral additives have been shown to be very effective for chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis (CE) [4, 5]. Indeed, it may be argued that there has been considerably more research activity in chiral separations by CE than by EC methods since the introduction of the former technique. Chiral additives in CE have several advantages, some of which are highlighted in Table 11-2. 

Without doubt, this extensive reviewing practice is a clear sign of the busy research activity in the field. However, there is clearly no need at present for anoth-... 

The following synopsis of current research activities in the field of combustion is organized around the list of papers presented at the 27th International Symposium on Combustion (1998) under the auspices of The Combustion Institute. 

National Research Council. (1995). EMF Research Activities Completed Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 Interim Report, J995. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

This textbook contains a collection of multistep experiments that all feature one or two photochemical key steps. More than 40 researchers active in the field of organic photochemistry have contributed their favorite experiments to this unusual and modern textbook,... 

Numerous research activities have focused on the improvement of the protective films and the suppression of solvent cointercalation. Beside ethylene carbonate, significant improvements have been achieved with other film-forming electrolyte components such as C02 [156, 169-177], N20 [170, 177], S02 [155, 169, 177-179], S/ [170, 177, 180, 181], ethyl propyl carbonate [182], ethyl methyl carbonate [183, 184], and other asymmetric alkyl methyl carbonates [185], vinylpropylene carbonate [186], ethylene sulfite [187], S,S-dialkyl dithiocarbonates [188], vinylene carbonate [189], and chloroethylene carbonate [190-194] (which evolves C02 during reduction [195]). In many cases the suppression of solvent co-intercalation is due to the fact that the electrolyte components form effective SEI films already at potential which are positive relative to the potentials of solvent co-intercalation. An excess of DMC or DEC in the electrolyte inhibits PC co-intercalation into graphite, too [183]. 

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