Organic estimates

Control or blank experiments have frequently to be employed in organic estimations. Their value is twofold ... 

HBV infection remains a major worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are still 350 million chronic carriers of the vims, who are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The success of IFN-a treatment - mainly performed as combined treatment with adenine-arabinoside - has been measured by the normalization of liver enzymes, loss of HBe antigen and of detectable viral DNA in the serum of patients. It has been estimated from several clinical trials that as many as 40% of treated HBV patients would respond to therapy with IFN-a or combined treatment with nucleoside analogues and IFN-a. 

Tuberculosis remains a major global public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 8 million new cases of tuberculosis and 3 million deaths directly attributable to tuberculosis each year [22], Drug resistance is a serious problem worldwide. In a study in New York City, 33% of patients with tuberculosis were infected by organisms resistant to at least one antituberculosis drug, and 19% were infected by organisms resistant... 

Energy-yielding reactions Type of organism Estimated A rH (kJ mol-1)... 

By contrast with that in the United States, the incidence of waterborne diseases in less-developed nations is very large, responsible for the deaths of millions of people annually. For example, the World Health Organization estimates that about 4 billion people worldwide are currently infected with some form of dysentery. Of this number, 3 million to 4 million will die each year. The difference in the threat posed by waterborne diseases in developed and less-developed nations results almost entirely from the accessibility of pure, clean water in developed nations. 

States in 1973. Although banned in developed countries, its use to improve public health in undeveloped countries continues. The World Health Organization estimates that DDT has saved 25 million lives from malaria and hundreds of millions of other lives from other diseases. 

Farmers must contend with approximately 80,000 plant diseases, 30,000 species of weeds, 1,000 species of nematodes, and more than 10,000 species of insects. Today, national and international agricultural organizations estimate that as much as 45 percent of the world s crops continue to be lost to these types of hazards. In the United States alone, about 20 billion worth of crops (one-tenth of production) are lost each year (IFIC 2004). 

It is well established that vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a public health problem in more than ioo countries, especially in Africa and Southeast Asia, hitting hardest young children and pregnant women. Worldwide, over 124 million children are estimated to be vitamin A deficient. Many of these children go blind or become ill from diarrhea, and nearly eight million preschool age children die each year as the result of this deficiency. The World Health Organization estimates that improved vitamin A nutritional status could prevent the deaths of 1.3—2.5 million late-infancy and preschool age children each year (Humphrey et al. 1992). The heartache of losing a child to a preventable disease is not one commonly encountered in the developed world. 

The World Health Organization estimates that more than 300 million people in 2025 will suffer from diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes, and primarily in industrialized countries. This places an economic burden on the health care system and the society. On one hand, the expenses to glucose control and patient education are large but, on the other hand, the expenses for treating the complications are enormous. 

Insects, weeds, disease, and rodents destroy 30% of the world s food supply. In developing countries, the crop losses may be even higher. The World Health Organization estimates that about 12,000 people starve daily, that is 4.4 million per year. Not only is the waste of food inexcusable, but it represents a waste of the energy used for production. 

The accepted safe intake of acrylamide for the average person is 14 micrograms per day, although the World Health Organization estimates that a Western-style diet provides 70 micrograms per day. So should we worry about this The answer is probably no. It would appear that our body s natural detox defences are more than capable of disposing of this amount quite easily so we can continue to enjoy fried potatoes. If you are still worried, then you should always eat protein with your chips or fries because this can bind to acrylamide and prevent it entering the cells of the body. 

The World Health Organization estimates that over 3 million deaths a year can be attributed to overweight and obesity, a figure that is predicted to increase (WHO, 2002). Obesity increased 74% between 1991 and 2001 in the U.S., and steep increases like this are now occurring elsewhere. The rapid rise in obesity has made it one of the greatest risks to human health worldwide. Of particular concern is the obesity rate among children, which increases disease risk throughout their lifetime. 

Over 18 million adults in the U.S. have diabetes (CDC, 2006), and over 170 million people worldwide have the condition, while its incidence is rising dramatically. The World Health Organization estimates that there may be 300 million people with diabetes by 2025 (WHO and FAO, 2002). There is a pressing need to develop a range of approaches to tackle type 2 diabetes and also address the root causes of its increased incidence, such as obesity and poor diet. Improvements in diet are therefore an important strategy in combating type 2 diabetes. 

In case that the kg is not known, this adjustment can be eliminated by multiplying the chemical concentration by the total weight of the organism. Estimation of ty2 based on body burden provides a better basis for comparisons of ti/2 of a chemical among studies with the same organism [25 a] (see also Sect. 8.2.3). However, recently it was shown that the half-Ufe of a chemical in different aquatic organisms is dependent on its lipid content [29 a, b, 40]. For persistent lipophilic chemicals ty2 increases with the lipid content of the organism (Fig. 1). 

The World Health Organization estimates that herbal and traditional medicines, derived mostly from plants, constitute primary health care for 80% of the world population even... 

Due to its low solubility in water and therefore the non-availability to species, this product is not expected to be toxic to aquatic organisms. Estimated log Kow value of 3.4 indicates a low to moderate potential to bioaccumulate. 

The World Health Organization estimates that at least one-third of all cancers can be prevented by avoiding exposure to known carcinogensJ1 Others suggest that exposure to environmental carcinogens may account for a majority, perhaps as much as 75-80% of all human cancersJ2,3 ... 

The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco smoke will result in the deaths of 1 billion people in the twenty-first century. 15 As seen in the preceding chapters, tobacco smoke exposure has been shown to adversely affect virtually every human body system, and it is the single largest cause of chemical injury and death in the world. 

By 1969, the World Health Organization estimated that dispersal or an aerosol of 50 kg of FranciseUa tularensis over a metropolitan area of 2 million would cause 250,000 incapacitating injuries, including 19,000 deaths. Given the nature of the infection, the iUness would persist for several weeks, with relapses occurring over several months. Vaccination would partially protect only a small subset of individuals. The CDC has estimated the economic cost of a tularemia attack as 5.4 billion for every 100,000 people exposed (45). 

We all get down at some point in our fives, but the World Health Organization estimates that io percent of the population has symptoms that are significant enough to require medical attention. In this type of depression, physical and psychological symptoms significantly reduce a person s functionality for a prolonged period of time. The depressed person also exhibits sadness that seems disproportionate to the apparent cause. 

The World Health Organization estimates that by 2015, the number of overweight people globally will increase to 2.3 billion, and more than 700 million people will be obese. Mayo clinic data indicate that the prevalence of diabetes increased 3.8% every year. The total prevalence of diabetes mellitus in US is expected to more than double from 2005 to 2050 in all age, sex and race groups. Data from the National Diabetes Information Clearing House, states at least 65% of people with diabetes die of some form of heart disease or stroke. Among women with CHD, diabetes is the strongest risk factor for heart failure in US (American Heart Association, 2008, Rosamond et al., 2008). In 2002, the direct... 

The importance of natural products become more clear by looking at their current status in human society. It is estimated that 80% of the world s population rely solely on indigenous systems of medicines that are mainly plant-based [321]. The World Health Organization estimates that some 20,000 species of higher plant are used medicinally throughout the world. On the other hand, it also has been estimated that 25% of all plant species (i.e., 60,000) will be disappeared by mid-21 centuiy [321], which urges a worldwide protection-development program on them. 

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