Dosimetry radiation

A related experiment on a crystal of Na-feldspar (NaAlSisOg), a mineral that is also widely used in dosimetry, studied cyclotron resonance in order to determine the effective mass of the carriers. Optically Detected Cyclotron Resonance (OCDR) at 23 GHz was combined with HFEPR at 93 GHz. In order to carry out the OCDR experiment it was necessary to enhance the emission by doping the feldspar with a low concentration of copper, but this was not felt to affect the cyclotron resonance properties. The OCDR spectrum at 23.1 GHz consisted of a single broad line with a peak at 0.65 T and a FWHM of 0.2 T. The line was interpreted as cyclotron resonance with an isotropic effective mass of 0.79me. It 

The change in physical properties of chalcogenide glasses during irradiation with gamma rays has long been considered an effective approach for radiation dosimetry [80, 81]. The structural 

Eggleton B. J., Luther-Davies B., and Richardson K., Chalcogenide photonics. Nature Photon., 5,141-148 (2011). 

Lucas P, Riley M. R., Boussard-Pledel C., and Bureau B., Advances in chalcogenide fiber evanescent wave biochemical sensing. Anal. Biochem., 351,1-10 (2006). 

Carlie N., Petit L., Agarwal A., Richardson K., and Kimerling L., Demonstration of chalcogenide glass racetrack microresonators. Opt. Lett, 33, 761-763 (2008). 

Yang Z., Pah M. K., Reynolds K. A., Sexton J. D., Riley M. R., Anne, M.-L., Bureau B., and Lucas P, Opto-electrophoretic detection of biomolecules using conducting chalcogenide glass sensors. Opt. Express, 18,26754-26759 (2010). 

---

Eor virtually all radiopharmaceuticals, the primary safety consideration is that of radiation dosimetry. Chemical toxicity, although it must be considered, generally is a function of the nonradio active components of the injectate. These are often unreacted precursors of the intended radioactive product, present in excess to faciUtate the final labeling reaction, or intended product labeled with the daughter of the original radioactive label. 

Radiation Dosimetry. Radioactive materials cause damage to tissue by the deposition of energy via their radioactive emissions. Thus, when they are internally deposited, all emissions are important. When external, only those emissions that are capable of penetrating the outer layer of skin pose an exposure threat. The biological effects of radiation exposure and dose are generally credited to the formation of free radicals in tissue as a result of the ionization produced (17). 

Nonetheless, these methods only estimate organ-averaged radiation dose. Any process which results in high concentrations of radioactivity in organs outside the MIRD tables or in very small volumes within an organ can result in significant error. In addition, the kinetic behavior of materials in the body can have a dramatic effect on radiation dose and models of material transport are constandy refined. Thus radiation dosimetry remains an area of significant research activity. 

Hine, G.J., and Brownell, G.L. (1956), Radiation Dosimetry, Academic Press, New York. 

Holm, N.W., and Berry, R.J., eds. (1970), Manual of Radiation Dosimetry, Marcel Dekker, New York. 

All are stable except for La-137 which has a half-life of 6 x 104 years, but may be considered to be stable for purposes of radiation dosimetry. h Electron capture. 

Radiation Dosimetry Electron Beams with Energies between 1 and 50 MeV International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements Bethesda, 1980 Report No. 35. 

Woods, R.J. Pikaev, A.K. Applied Radiation Chemistry. John Wiley New York, 1994, chap. 10. Rossi, H.H. In Radiation Dosimetry, Attix, F.H. Roesch, W.C., Eds. Academic Press New York, 1968, 43-92. 

Radiation workers—Health and hygiene. 2. Radiation dosimetry. 

RERF (1987). Radiation Effects Research Foundation. U.S.-Japan Joint Reassessment of Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry in Hiroshima and Naga-saki, Final Report, VoL I II, Roesch, W.C., Ed. (Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan). 

Radiation Dosimetry, The radiation dose to the skeleton of a 70 kg man from 1 yCi of Sr-82/Rb-82 and Sr-85 is reported to be 71 and 7.6 mrads, respectively (17). The estimated radiation dose from 10 mCi of Rb-82 is 700 mrads to kidneys, 140 mrads to heart and 90 mrads to lungs (24). These radiation dose estimations are on the high side and in later calculations have been found to be lower by accounting for decay in vivo in transit to the specific tissues. 

Materials for ESR Dosimetry and Dating. Materials used for retrospective dosimetry of radiation exposure depend on the situation. In addition to human tooth enamel, materials worn by the person, such as shell buttons, or used nearby at the site, such as sugar,32 have been studied to evaluate the radiation dose. On the other hand, materials for ESR radiation dosimetry elements should be well-controlled synthetic chemicals, although natural materials like bovine bones and sugar were proposed in the past. 

Development of Dosimeter Materials. - 4.2.1 Quantitative ESR and Intensity Standards of Mn1+ and CuS04.5H20. An ESR spectrometer consists of vacuum tube amplifier and a Klystron oscillator with thermal noise and frequency drift. Hence, an inherent standard of Mn2+ was used in ESR dating of carbonate stalactites,8 and patented as a standard in ESR radiation dosimetry in 1980.102 The standard sample of MgO with Mn2+ is frequently used for calibration of -factor and the magnetic field as well as for radiation dosimetry.103... 

CURIE (Ci). The unit of activity in the field, of radiation dosimetry. One curie equals 3.7, < 1010 disintegrations per second. (The activity of 1 gram of 226Ra is slightly less than 1 curie.)... 

RAD (rd). A unit of absorbed dose in the field of radiation dosimetry. One rad equals the absorption of energy in any medium of 100 ergs per gram. 

---