Significance of the Research

The UV spectral range is of importance to astronomy for a number of reasons. Two of the most significant are as follows (1) the primary, or resonance, transitions (those involving the ground state) of the most common atoms, ions, and molecules occur in the UV spectral range below 300 nm (2) very hot stars, having surface temperatures in excess of 10,000 K (vs 5800 K for our sun), emit much or most of their radiation in the ground-inaccessible UV. 

Hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in the universe, accounting for more than 99% of all atoms in stars, the interstellar medium, and the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn. Of the heavier elements, the most abundant in 

FIGURE 1 Altitude and fraction of atmosphere remaining overhead that must be reached in order to observe one-half of the radiation coming from an extraterrestrial source vs wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. 

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To conclude this review I must pay a tribute to the work and figure of Giulio Natta who pioneered macromolecular stereochemistry and was an active protagonist in die field for many years. The most important aspects of his discoveries and the present significance of the research derived therefrom have been illustrated by his students and by scientists from all over the world (16, 18). As may be seen finom the present article, many of the fundamental discoveries were derived from the work of his research group at the Milan Polytechnic. A large part of the later development, also, is the fruit of a cultural tradition that has influenced the whole Italian school of polymer chemistry. 

In the final chapter we shall give a discussion on the kinetics and mechanisms occurring in the catalytic decomposition of HCOOH, together with our view on the significance of the research carried out in this field for the theory of heterogeneous catalysis in general. 

The study results provide certain theoretical basis for effective allocation of fresh air volume, dilution and extraction of gas and safety rapid excavation at full-machined mining working face. This paper also has reference significance of the research of gas emission law at comprehensive driving roadway under the similar geological condition. 

The selection has been made from a didactic point of view rather than from the scientific significance of the research in question. The aim is to show the possibilities and power of calorimetry in quite different fields of research. 

With that very brief exposure to the complexity of nuclear chemistry and perhaps a better appreciation of the significance of the research of the Curies, let us consider the simplest case ... 

Quantum mechanics (QM) is the correct mathematical description of the behavior of electrons and thus of chemistry. In theory, QM can predict any property of an individual atom or molecule exactly. In practice, the QM equations have only been solved exactly for one electron systems. A myriad collection of methods has been developed for approximating the solution for multiple electron systems. These approximations can be very useful, but this requires an amount of sophistication on the part of the researcher to know when each approximation is valid and how accurate the results are likely to be. A significant portion of this book addresses these questions. 

Our research studies on ionomers and on ionomer blends has received financial support from the U.S. Army Research Office and ACS-PRF, whose assistance is gratefully appreciated. Our appreciation is also expressed to former graduate students, Drs. P. Jar, M. A. Bellinger, and X. Ma, who made significant contributions to some of the research results reported herein. 

Important topics in biocatalysis for organic synthesis are described in this book, for experts and non-experts. Especially, the book focuses on those reactions that are under development now and will be more significant in the future. Therefore, each chapter describing a specific theme summarizes not only the present state but also the direction of the research. The prospects and dreams that will become possible, using biocatalysis, in the future to construct a sustainable society are also included. 

The first two volumes in the series New Comprehensive Biochemistry appeared in 1981. Volume 1 dealt with membrane structure and Volume 2 with membrane transport. The editors of the last volume (the present editor being one of them) tried to provide an overview of the state of the art of the research in that field. Most of the chapters dealt with kinetic approaches aiming to understand the mechanism of the various types of transport of ions and metabolites across biological membranes. Although these methods have not lost their significance, the development of molecular biological techniques and their application in this field has given to the area of membrane transport such a new dimension that the appearance of a volume in the series New Comprehensive Biochemistry devoted to molecular aspects of membrane proteins is warranted. 

The significance of the barrier function of membranes has been the topic of considerable research. The blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier are well understood, and the microscopic structures imparting and controlling barrier properties have been quite thoroughly investigated and the science reviewed [15, 154-155], The structures and functions of ocular membranes specific to transport associated with ophthalmic drug administration also have been topics of extensive research [15, 157-158],... 

You might find some of this material tough going, and if you are willing to take my word for the significance of these factors, you could just skip over these parts. But I thought it important to document my claims about how placebos work. Just as I have documented my claim that most of the antidepressant drug response is a placebo effect and that the remainder is in all likelihood an enhanced placebo effect, so here, too, I present the details of the research upon which my conclusions about the way placebos work are based. 

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