Required developments

Value of a NDT information consists not in information on the whole internal produet structure, but only in information on its dififerenee fi om undefective standard. This requires development of eorresponding NDT methodology of products with high information efficiency on the base of RAI methods. According to offered by authors methodology it is necessary ... 

Nd in samples. Unfortunately, mass spectrometry is not a selective technique. A mass spectrum provides information about the abundance of ions with a given mass. It cannot distinguish, however, between different ions with the same mass. Consequently, the choice of TIMS required developing a procedure for separating the tracer from the aerosol particulates. 

Recent advances in Eischer-Tropsch technology at Sasol include the demonstration of the slurry-bed Eischer-Tropsch process and the new generation Sasol Advanced Synthol (SAS) Reactor, which is a classical fluidized-bed reactor design. The slurry-bed reactor is considered a superior alternative to the Arge tubular fixed-bed reactor. Commercial implementation of a slurry-bed design requires development of efficient catalyst separation techniques. Sasol has developed proprietary technology that provides satisfactory separation of wax and soHd catalyst, and a commercial-scale reactor is being commissioned in the first half of 1993. 

The complete characterization of a particulate material requires development of a functional relationship between crystal size and population or mass. The functional relationship may assume an analytical form (7), but more frequentiy it is necessary to work with data that do not fit such expressions. As such detail may be cumbersome or unavailable for a crystalline product, the material may be more simply (and less completely) described in terms of a single crystal size and a spread of the distribution about that specified dimension. 

At present time the use of oxide single erystals sueh as bismuth germanate (Bi Ge O, ) and pai atellurite (TeO,) as deteetors in opto-eleetronies stimulate produetion of high purity Bi, Te, Ge and their oxides Bi O, GeO, TeO,. This requires development of analytieal teehniques for purity eontrol of these materials. For survey traee analysis atomie emission speetrometry (AES) and mass speetrometry (MS) with induetively eoupled plasma (ICP) is widely used. However, the deteetion limits of impurities aehievable by these methods for the analysis of high purity solids are limited by neeessity of sample dissolution in pure aeids and dilution up to 5 10 times for ICP-MS and 50-100 for ICP-AES. One of the most effeetive ways to improve the analytieal performanees of these methods is pre-eoneentration of miero-elements. 

Short development time Allocate enough time for development may result in a less than, more time-efficient PEIA techniques complete knowledge of the hazards administrative controls to decide when to go to full scale production Establish minimum requirements transfer package for process knowledge Require development chemist to be present during initial product runs API RP 750 CCPS G-1 CCPS G-10 CCPS G-25... 

The development of water-swellable polymers depends on aspects of their synthesis, properties evaluation, optimization and correlation of these properties with synthesis conditions. Obviously, studying the behavior of SAH in contact with liquid and solid phases of the soil as well as with plants requires developing physical models and algorithms suitable for the prediction of SAH efficiency. 

The Quality System Regulation is introduced for medical devices, requiring developers of high-risk devices to apply design controls. 

The main objective of stage 3 is to establish whether your employee target group already possesses the competencies and experience required for business goal achievement. Even if you are fairly sure that it does not, you should conduct a thorough analysis in order to identify the exact elements on which it requires development and the extent of the support needed. 

Thiophenes continue to play a major role in commercial applications as well as basic research. In addition to its aromatic properties that make it a useful replacement for benzene in small molecule syntheses, thiophene is a key element in superconductors, photochemical switches and polymers. The presence of sulfur-containing components (especially thiophene and benzothiophene) in crude petroleum requires development of new catalysts to promote their removal (hydrodesulfurization, HDS) at refineries. Interspersed with these commercial applications, basic research on thiophene has continued to study its role in electrocyclic reactions, newer routes for its formation and substitution and new derivatives of therapeutic potential. New reports of selenophenes and tellurophenes continue to be modest in number. 

The advantage of bundled software is that it does not require development and support. The disadvantage is that the user has little control over how the software works and it may be impossible to expand or modify the system. Bundled software also introduces one more piece of potentially incompatible emd unique hardware and software for users to learn. 

Yet under the original requirements of 21 CFR Part 11 both companies would have had to conduct extensive test on the software to write and implement eight to ten standard operating procedures to document the requirements, development, and change history of the code and to record and archive all records. In this case, as in so many, such an investment in time and dollars would have been justihed for the pacemakers but wasted in the case of the tongue depressors. 

Further progress in understanding membrane instability and nonlocality requires development of microscopic theory and modeling. Analysis of membrane thickness fluctuations derived from molecular dynamics simulations can serve such a purpose. A possible difficulty with such analysis must be mentioned. In a natural environment isolated membranes assume a stressless state. However, MD modeling requires imposition of special boundary conditions corresponding to a stressed state of the membrane (see Refs. 84,87,112). This stress can interfere with the fluctuations of membrane shape and thickness, an effect that must be accounted for in analyzing data extracted from computer experiments. 

Energy Conservation, Exceeding Minimum Code Requirements, Development of New Sustainable Technologies. 

The US pollutes more, absolutely and per head, than any other country (it also produces more wealth). Its greenhouse emissions have raised by more than 11% since 1990 its Kyoto commitment was to reduce them by 6%. It is the only country to have signed the protocol and then to have repudiated it. President Bush said in March, 2005 the US would not ratify Kyoto, because he thought it could damage the US economy and because it does not yet require developing countries to cut their emissions. His domestic and foreign critics think the US will lose economically by staying alone. 

The current trend to innovation, as well as future needs to more sustainable solutions, requires development of new polymeric materials. Other than new... 

Downcomer and Draft Tube Pressure Drop. Typical experimental pressure drops across the downcomer, AP, 4, and the draft tube, AP2 3, show that they are essentially similar. Successful design of a recirculating fluidized bed with a draft tube requires development of mathematical models for both downcomer and draft tube. 

CP [Continuous polymerization] A continuous process for making high-density polyethylene, based on the Ziegler process but using a much more active catalyst so that de-ashing (catalyst removal) is not required. Developed by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries and upgraded into its CX process, which was first licensed in 1976. 

Xylenes-plus A catalytic process for isomerizing toluene to a mixture of benzene and xylenes. A silica/alumina catalyst is used in a moving bed. It is unlike the related Tatoray process, in that no hydrogen is required. Developed by Sinclair Research in 1964 and then licensed by Atlantic Richfield. 

After introducing some types of moving-particle reactors, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples of reactions conducted in them, we consider particular design features. These relate to fluid-particle interactions (extension of the treatment in Chapter 21) and to the complex flow pattern of fluid and solid particles. The latter requires development of a hydrodynamic model as a precursor to a reactor model. We describe these in detail only for particular types of fluidized-bed reactors. 

Plant reliability problems are associated with excessive downtimes due to component failure or scheduled maintenance requirement. Development needs include ... 

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