Development fastness requirements

These analysis methods are relatively fast, require only a few grams of sample, provide discrete fractions which can be characterized in as much detail as desired with available techniques, and provide comparative compositional profiles for fuels from various sources, both natural and synthetic. The methods have limitations, as indicated throughout the paper. However, as new procedures are developed to take care of these limitations, they can readily be incorporated. 

Acid Monoazo Dyes. Among the acid monoazo dyes are a number of much used wool dyes that possess no outstanding coloristic properties but that are distinguished by brilliance of shade, very good leveling power, and particularly low cost, while their wash- and lightfastness meet only low to medium requirements. Partly influenced by the introduction of the International Wool Label to label high-quality wool articles, the fastness requirements have risen considerably, and this has necessitated the development and manufacture of particularly fast dyes. 

Potassium and sodium hydroxide are far more energetic than the alkali carbonates and are used only when a powerful, fast-acting developer is required. Developers compounded with caustic alkalis have poor keeping properties and are soon exhausted. 

To raise Flyer off the North Carolina beach, Orville and Wilbur Wright needed it to move fast enough that the air moving along the wings would develop the required lift. It means that an aircraft requires propulsion to develop its forward motion. 

In some laboratories, the analysis stops with the Duquenois-Levine test, but many add TLC with standards as the final step, using the dye Fast Blue B (which is carcinogenic), or Fast Blue BB or the Duquenois reagent as a developer. Fast Blue B gives the constituents distinctive colors A -THC turns red, CBN purple, and CBD orange. The combination of microscopy, the Duquenois-Levine test, and TLC with standards is considered conclusive identification for marijuana. Quantitation of THC is currently not required in the United States. Derivatization techniques can be used for GC, but HPLC is better suited to such analyses. 

An elegant and economical one-step synthesis of P.Y. 139 is described in l As initially obtained, the pigment is in an unsatisfactory physical, or cmde form. It is crystallized therefore in aqueous suspension in a finishing process to develop the required physical properties such as crystal shape and size, crystal phase and parti-de size distribution. This determines important application properties like hue, color strength, rheological behavior, hiding power, transparency and light and weather fastness. 

The design and construction of an experimental fast reactor is the first engineering accomplishment of FBR development. It requires compromises with respect to core neutronics, thermohydraulics, fuel pin and fuel assembly design, materials, components... 

There has always been a general interest to develop fast NMR methods to reduce the experimental time required for a complete 2D acquisition and to economize valuable spectrometer time. There are two main factors that determine the overall duration of a given 2D experiment (i) the long recycle delay (typically in the order of some seconds) needed to achieve a preequilibrium proton polarization and (ii) the number of variable linearly sampled t increments required for an optimum resolution in the indirect FI dimension. Several approaches to accelerate data acquisition in HSQC experiments have been reported. 

Hence, as the second class of techniques, we discuss adaptive methods for accurate short-term integration (Sec. 4). For this class, it is the major requirement that the discretization allows for the stepsize to adapt to the classical motion and the coupling between the classical and the quantum mechanical subsystem. This means, that we are interested in discretization schemes which avoid stepsize restrictions due to the fast oscillations in the quantum part. We can meet this requirement by applying techniques recently developed for evaluating matrix exponentials iteratively [12]. This approach yields an adaptive Verlet-based exponential integrator for QCMD. 

NAMD [7] was born of frustration with the maintainability of previous locally developed parallel molecular dynamics codes. The primary goal of being able to hand the program down to the next generation of developers is reflected in the acronym NAMD Not (just) Another Molecular Dynamics code. Specific design requirements for NAMD were to run in parallel on the group s then recently purchased workstation cluster [8] and to use the fast multipole algorithm [9] for efficient full electrostatics evaluation as implemented in DPMTA [10]. 

To achieve sufficient vapor pressure for El and Cl, a nonvolatile liquid will have to be heated strongly, but this heating may lead to its thermal degradation. If thermal instability is a problem, then inlet/ionization systems need to be considered, since these do not require prevolatilization of the sample before mass spectrometric analysis. This problem has led to the development of inlet/ionization systems that can operate at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperatures. Successive developments have led to the introduction of techniques such as fast-atom bombardment (FAB), fast-ion bombardment (FIB), dynamic FAB, thermospray, plasmaspray, electrospray, and APCI. Only the last two techniques are in common use. Further aspects of liquids in their role as solvents for samples are considered below. 

Ultrasonic Microhardness. A new microhardness test using ultrasonic vibrations has been developed and offers some advantages over conventional microhardness tests that rely on physical measurement of the remaining indentation size (6). The ultrasonic method uses the DPH diamond indenter under a constant load of 7.8 N (800 gf) or less. The hardness number is derived from a comparison of the natural frequency of the diamond indenter when free or loaded. Knowledge of the modulus of elasticity of the material under test and a smooth surface finish is required. The technique is fast and direct-reading, making it useful for production testing of similarly shaped parts. 

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