COMMERCIAL IMPLEMENTATION

To date the only CP-based sensor systems marketed on a noticeable scale have been the AromaScan , NOSE and Bloodhound systems described at the end of Sec. 17-5 above. These have been primarily targeted towards the food, beverage and fragrances industries, in quality control applications, seeking to replace human noses, which are still very much used therein. It is still too early to pronounce on their success. 

Outline the principles of working of the six primary and two derivative modes of sensing with CPs identified in Sec. 17.1 and at least two other sensing modes identified in Sec. 17.9. 

Describe in detail the fabrication and operation of at least one example for each of the modes identified in Problem 1. 

Describe in detail the fabrication and operation of one example for each of the following a) A conductometric sensor for the detection of organic vapors, b) An amperometric sensor for the same, c) A sensor interfaceable to a PC and usable as a detector in chromatography, d) A conductometric sensor for glucose, e) An amperometric sensor for the same, e) A potentiometric sensor for the same, f) A sensor whose sensitivity can be controlled electrically, g) A sensor incorporating an enzyme into the CP film wherein the enzyme concentration is precisely controllable, h) A sensor using an optical fiber probe and fluorescence-based detection. 

Besides the commercially marketed sensors described in Sec. 17.5, which sensor(s) do you feel are most likely to be commercially viable and closest to market What improvements or changes would you make in these to make them commercially viable You may use specific examples cited in this chapter. 

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Commercial implementations of this general approach are ACD/I-Lab [36], Specinfo (Chemical Concepts) [37], WINNMR (Bruker), and KnowItAll (Bio-Rad) [38]. Figure 10.2-3 shows the workspace generated by ACD/I-Lab after predicting a H NMR spectrum. ACD calculations are currently based on over 1 200 000 experimental chemical shifts and 320 000 experimental coupling constants [36]. 

In 1997, UOP announced the PX-Plus process which also uses a selectivated catalyst to convert toluene to para-rich xylenes. Pina commercialized a TDP process known as the (T2PX) process in 1984 (70). It uses a proprietary catalyst to react toluene at 42—48% conversion with selectivities to benzene of 42 wt % and to xylenes of 46 wt %. The xylenes produced are at equiUbrium. Typical commercial operating conditions of 390—495°C, H2 partial pressure of 4.1 Mpa, H2/hydrocarbon molar ratio of 4 1, and LHSV of 1—2/h. Pina s first commercial implementation occurred in 1985 at their Port Arthur refinery. 

Recent advances in Eischer-Tropsch technology at Sasol include the demonstration of the slurry-bed Eischer-Tropsch process and the new generation Sasol Advanced Synthol (SAS) Reactor, which is a classical fluidized-bed reactor design. The slurry-bed reactor is considered a superior alternative to the Arge tubular fixed-bed reactor. Commercial implementation of a slurry-bed design requires development of efficient catalyst separation techniques. Sasol has developed proprietary technology that provides satisfactory separation of wax and soHd catalyst, and a commercial-scale reactor is being commissioned in the first half of 1993. 

Fig. 16. Cross-section of the separation no22le system used in the commercial implementation of the separation no22le process.

We have demonstrated a new class of effective, recoverable thermormorphic CCT catalysts capable of producing colorless methacrylate oligomers with narrow polydispersity and low molecular weight. For controlled radical polymerization of simple alkyl methacrylates, the use of multiple polyethylene tails of moderate molecular weight (700 Da) gave the best balance of color control and catalyst activity. Porphyrin-derived thermomorphic catalysts met the criteria of easy separation from product resin and low catalyst loss per batch, but were too expensive for commercial implementation. However, the polyethylene-supported cobalt phthalocyanine complex is more economically viable due to its greater ease of synthesis. 

The process has been commercially implemented in Japan since 1977 [1] and a decade later in the U.S., Germany and Austria. The catalysts are based on a support material (titanium oxide in the anatase form), the active components (oxides of vanadium, tungsten and, in some cases, of molybdenum) and modifiers, dopants and additives to improve the performance, especially stability. The catalyst is then deposited over a structured support based on a ceramic or metallic honeycomb and plate-type structure on which a washcoat is then deposited. The honeycomb form usually is an extruded ceramic with the catalyst either incorporated throughout the stmcture (homogeneous) or coated on the substrate. In the plate geometry, the support material is generally coated with the catalyst. 

AET industrial experience and know how leads the production of a number of specialty enzymes for use in specific biotechnological applications. In addition, the company has the potential to interface between industrial and academic outcomes to facilitate the commercial implementation. 

Other approaches Hamming networks, pattern recognition, wavelets, and neural network learning systems are sometimes discussed but have not been commercially implemented. 

Krock, H. and Zapka, M. (1991). The Hawaiian International Hydrogen Energy Pilot Project (HIHEPP) a concept for the commercial implementation of non-fossil hydrogen energy in the Pacific Ocean area. OCEES International,... 

It remains to be seen whether China can create its own innovation chain from R D to commercial implementation. Given the prerequisites of political stability, committed leadership, adequate allocation of resources and a functioning infrastructure of research and training institutions, the future can be very promising. 

This type of alkoxylation chemistry cannot be performed with conventional alkali metal hydroxide catalysts because the hydroxide will saponify the triglyceride ester groups under typical alkoxylation reaction conditions. Similar competitive hydrolysis occurs with alternative catalysts such as triflic acid or other Brpnsted acid/base catalysis. Efficient alkoxylation in the absence of significant side reactions requires a coordination catalyst such as the DMC catalyst zinc hexacyano-cobaltate. DMC catalysts have been under development for years [147-150], but have recently begun to gain more commercial implementation. The use of the DMC catalyst in combination with castor oil as an initiator has led to at least two lines of commercial products for the flexible foam market. Lupranol Balance 50 (BASF) and Multranol R-3524 and R-3525 (Bayer) are used for flexible slabstock foams and are produced by the direct alkoxylation of castor oil. 

BERT has been field tested and the developer states that it is ready for commercial implementation. 

Radiation decontamination of meat was first commercially implemented in Brittany, France, when e-beam irradiation treatment was established for frozen slabs of mechanically separated chicken meat [57,58]. 

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD IRRADIATION... 

Continuous processes are more efficient than batch processes, as the use of stationary phase is optimized and the amount of eluent needed for the purification is significantly reduced. The concentration of feed mixture inside the column can be much higher than it is in the case of a batch process. As a consequence, productivity is multiplied by a factor of two to five, less manpower is required, usage of stationary phase is optimized, and the amount of solvent used is reduced by a factor of two to ten. Two multicolumn continuous chromatography processes have been commercially implemented at commercial scale for pharmaceutical chiral separahons, these being the simulated moving bed (SMB) process and the Varicol process [15-17]. 

Historically, the commercial functionalization of oil and fuel additive polymers has been a complex multi step process. However, commercial implementation of in situ functionalization could reduce... 

Solvents that meet all or most of the criteria are propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, 4-butyrolactone, acetonitrile, sulfur dioxide, thionyl chloride, and phosphorus oxychloride. Certain other solvents, with fairly low s values, such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, and 1,3-oxolane are used in conjunction with a high s solvent, in order to reduce the viscosity without impairing excessively the other desirable properties of the co-solvent. All these solvents are on the List, with properties shown in the tables mentioned. Commercial implementation of such batteries has been highly successful, with energy densities of primary dischargeable batteries of 0.3 W h g 1 or 0.5 W h cm 3 and a self discharge rate of < 2% per year of the open-circuit battery being achieved. 

In the most common commercial implementation of interferometric measurements, the moving mirror is scanned at a constant velocity v. Consequently, the mirror... 

Reports on commercial implementation of pyrolysis are scarce, while there are several pilot-size units. For example, Dynamotive in Canada has built four fluidized-bed units with a total capacity of 200 tons of dry wood per day [14], Ensyn, also in Canada, has eight circulating fluidized-bed units with a total capacity of 100 dry tons per day [14], Biomass Technology Group from the Netherlands has designed rotating cone pyrolyzers with a total capacity of 2 tons of dry material per hour [14],... 

Considerable research activity has been directed toward producing wood composite adhesives from lignin, and this has been accompanied by very little practical success in terms of commercial implementation. By themselves, and regardless of source, lignins offer no advantages in terms of chemical reactivity, product quality, or color when compared to conventional wood composite adhesives. At low replacement levels (10 to 30%), lignins can and will continue to be employed as extenders for UF and PF resins. When they are used as extenders, best results are obtained when chemically activated (e.g., by methylolation). 

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