Future Needs

It is estimated that there will be an additional 3 billion people to feed in the world by 2025 and, by 2050, the population is expected to exceed 11 billion, more than twice today s population.8 This means that within the next 50 years it will be necessary to produce more than twice as much food as is currently being produced.3 It must always be remembered that if the population increases, the land available for agricultural production will fall as these new people will have to live somewhere. Today, the amount of arable land available for the production of food per person is down from the half-a-hectare figure of the 1960s to about one-third of a hectare.9 Each available hectare must support more and more people as world population continues to increase at a rate of 1.7% per year (90 million more people to feed and clothe each year), whilst the rate of expansion of world cropland is less than one tenth of this rate (0.15% per year or 50 to 60 million new hectares of cropland by 2010).9 In less than twenty years each person will have to be supported by only 0.2 hectares. 

With more people and less land per person, the only way that the 

Global agrochemical sales rose by 11.9% to US 28965 million at end-user level in 1995. When this figure is discounted for the effects of inflation and currency fluctuations, growth, in real terms, is estimated to be 4.3% over 1994. This is the second year where real increases in sales value have been recorded (1994 sales were 5.1% higher than 1993 figures).9 

The majority of these agrochemical sales are controlled by the 25 companies whose annual income from agrochemicals represent over 90% of the pesticide market (Table 1.1). 

These data tell us that to be a successful player in the pesticide industry you must be a large organisation with the ability to invest a great deal of support into the discovery (in most cases), development, manufacture and marketing of your products. There are some organisations that have built their successful position on their ability to manufacture and formulate commodity products, those products that were discovered some years ago and whose patents have lapsed, thereby allowing organisations, other than the inventor to make, formulate and sell the product internationally. 

Pharma-Ecology The Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment. By P.K. Jjemba Copyright 2008 John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

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In the realm of basic research, thorough studies are required to determine to what extent soil-gas Rn anomalies reflect local flow from depths beyond the diffusion range of Rn. To do this properly will require extensive soil Ra analyses and the simultaneous analysis of other soil gases such as Tn, O2, CO2 and He. 

A comprehensive study of the geochemistry and migration of Ra in the ground is required to help explain Rn anomalies encountered in waters. 

There is a need for standardised and calibrated Rn detection equipment and procedures, so that absolute concentration levels may be obtained for world comparisons. 

Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry. Vol. 7(G.J.S. Govett, Editor) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved 

The rationale for using Hg as a pathfinder element in mineral exploration is attractive. Because of its volatility, Hg is presumed to form broader halos in the hypogene environment than most elements. It is envisaged that both vapour-phase and solution transport are responsible for a wide dispersion of the element. In the secondary environment it is well known that Hg exerts a measurable vapour pressure at ambient temperatures and possesses redox properties that allow the metal to exist in the elemental state under a range of natural conditions. Therefore it has been claimed that, as a host sulphide-body weathers, it can be expected that Hg will be converted partly to the vapour state, thereby overcoming the constraint of hydromorphic or solution dispersion that applies to other target and indicator elements. Vapour-phase dispersion through permeable rock or cover would allow Hg to be detected in soil or soil gas, and perhaps as an atmospheric anomaly. 

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Chemical processes will in the future need to be designed as part of a sustainable industrial development which retains the capacity of ecosystems to support industrial activity and life. This book therefore places a high emphasis on waste minimization and energy efficiency in the context of good economic performance and good health and safety practices. 

The wisest fan choice is frequently not the cheapest fan. A small fan operates well on its curve but may not have adequate capacity for maximum flow control, future needs, or process upset conditions. It may be so lightly constmcted that it is operating near its peak speed with no provision for speed increases in the future, if needed. As fan size is increased, efficiency generally improves and wheel speed is lower. These factors decrease operating cost and provide reserve capacity for the future. However, it is also possible to oversize a fan and impair its performance. 

Pumps are usually over-designed. From the initial specification stages, future needs are taken into consideration, maximum flow is overrated and operating conditions are uncertain. Design engineers following a... 

Ensuring that the policy is relevant to the expectations and needs of the organization s customers is a little more difficult. Companies need to predict what their customer expectations and needs are (now a requirement in clause 4.1.4 under Business plans). They may be beyond what they specify in contracts although they may in fact be identical to such specifications. For companies to create satisfied customers they not only need to meet requirements specified by the customer but meet national and international legislation and have consideration for the needs and expectations of society. As explained in Part 1 Chapter 1 on Quality characteristics, customers are not only the buyers but comprise several other interested parties. You need to provide a means of determining what the customer expectations and needs are and then subject the written quality policy to a review against those expectations and needs to determine if there is any conflict. As part of your business planning procedure you should indicate how you determine your customer s current and future needs and expectations. 

Companies moving into relatively nonindustrialized areas often fail to consider the possibility of other plants following suit. The size of the water supply should be adequate not only for the future needs of the proposed plant... 

At this point of the planning, we are mainly concerned with quantitative estimates of such utilities and the ease, or lack thereof, with which they can be brought to the laboratory area. These considerations have a profound effect on laboratory layout. In laboratories that have been in operation for some time, a lack of needed utilities is a major problem, particularly when new procedures are introduced. Estimates should be made by the laboratory operator in close cooperation with building professionals and should take future needs into consideration. 

Simple design, with an emphasis on solving the problems at hand instead of attempting to forecast future needs, and constant refactoring to avoid software becoming cumbersome. Central to this is the idea that code is cheap —in fact, it is often cheaper to write code and throw it away if necessary than it is to engage in an extensive analysis process. 

As a consequence one might expect that the future needs to rely on hybrid elements which arise from advanced UV-and electron-beam lithography, from imprint techniques or automated and parallelized nanomanipulation techniques, like dip-pen lithography or focused ion-beam techniques in combination with supramolecular approaches for the assembly of molecular inorganic/organic hybrid system. Nevertheless, it is evident for any kind of chemical approach that falling back onto the present-day... 

Ihnat M (1995) Key analytes and matrices lacking in the CRM-System and future needs for CRMs. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 5-6. 

Currently available CRMs Presently available are CRM matrices (fish) with certified values for arsenobetaine and DMA, and caUbrants for those compounds. The offer is, however, very limited. Future needs include CRMs certified for arsenosugars and calibrants for those compounds. 

Horvat M (1999) Current status and future needs for biological and environmental reference materials certified for methylmercury compounds. Chemosphere 39 1167-1179. 

In North America at the annual PittCon exposition there are papers and workshops concerning the future need for RMs, including the CITAC workshops. In Canada, in June 1993 in Quebec as part of the Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Chemistry, a RM symposium was held lectures from it were the basis for a CRC RM book (Clement et al. 1997). Further examples include reports of regional activities in China (Chai 1993) and Australia (Millar et al. 1995). 

The real work of setting strategies to meet future needs rests with RM producers. Fundamental to their success will be early recognition and acknowledgement of change. Several strategies can be provided as examples. 

Parr RM, Fajgelj A, Dekner R, Vera Ruiz H, Carvalho FP, and Povinec PP (1998) IAEA analytical quality assurance programs to meet the present and future needs of developing countries. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 287-290. 

In preceding chapters we have indicated which tools are nowadays being used routinely or currently are under development. General trends are higher sensitivity, more information, and faster and further automation. Automatic analyses are nice (sample in, report out), but interactive analysis tools are better. It is not realistic to expect the need for more analyses. Some future needs are more reliable quantitation, reference materials and simplification of data management. A particular problem in additive analysis concerns accuracy and traceability. In many cases, extractable rather than total concentration is determined. There are still many quantitative analytical methods waiting to be developed. It is here that the field will advance. Table 10.31 lists some proposed (r)evolutionary developments in polymer/additive analysis. 

Space should be left on pipe alleys for future needs, and service pipes over-sized to allow for future requirements. 

Future needs in support of model validation and performance testing must continue to be in the area of coordinated, well-designed field data collection programs supplemented with directed research on specific topics. The FAT workshop produced a listing of the field data collection and research needs for the air, streams/lakes/estuaries, and runoff/unsaturated/saturated soil media categories, as follows ... 

Yan Da-Hai, Karstensen KH, Huang Qi-Fei, Wang Qi, Cai Min-Lin (2010) Coprocessing of industrial and hazardous wastes in cement kilns a review of current status and future needs in China. Environmental Engineering Science 27(l) 37-45... 

The current trend to innovation, as well as future needs to more sustainable solutions, requires development of new polymeric materials. Other than new... 

Slide Capacity and Clinical Volume A careful evaluation of clinical work-flow should be done in order to determine what instrument best meets the needs of the laboratory. Slide capacity, clinical volume, turnaround time, staffing, and future needs are examples of parameters that should be considered. The number of antibodies on the laboratory s menu should also be considered. A small lab with a limited number of antibodies can benefit from the closed type system, while larger labs with a larger antibody menu may find the open system more beneficial. 

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