Priority pollutant phenols

Removal of priority pollutant phenols reached more than 90% when influent levels were high (i.e., 60-1000 mg/L). However, if influent levels were at approximately 1 mg/L or less, the removal ranged from 4.5% or less to 97.6%. Cyanide removals reached more than 50% when influent levels were more than 1 mg/L, and less than 50% for raw wasteloads less than 1 mg/L. Volatile priority pollutants were removed from more than approximately 1 mg/L down to their detection limits of 0.005 to 0.01 mg/L. 

Clenbuterol in pork, beef, and hog liver Co(II) ion as 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR) or 5-methyl-4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (5MTAR) total phenols after nitrosation of USEPA classified 11 priority pollutant phenols polyprenol and doUchoP ... 

Chung, Y. S., Determination of total phenols in environmental waters by capillary-HPLC with USEPA classified eleven priority pollutant phenols after nitrosation and their visible spectrophotometric detection, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 26(2), 297-302, 2005. 

In particular, the priority pollutant phenols (PPP), identified by EPA since the 1970s are widespread water pollutants that must receive the greatest attention due to their recognized toxicity. For the separation of eleven PPP, an ion-interaction reagent (HR) RP HPLC/UV method has been developed that allows limits of detection lower than 30 J,g in river waters, after LLE in dichlo-romethane and a 500-fold pre-concentration [82]. Through on-line SPE followed by both UV and electrochemical detection [83], 16 priority phenols have been determined in water samples with the LOD value for chlorophenols lower than 1 ng L [84]. LODs at ng L levels were obtained for all the PPPs in samples of river water, employing a relatively small volume of sample through an on-line SPE HPLC/MS method with an APCI source. 

Consider an HPLC method for the separation of 11 priority pollutant phenols using an isocratic system. The aqueous mobile phase contains acetic acid, methanol and citric acid. From preliminary studies, it was established that the mobile phase composition was critical to ensure maximum resolution and to minimise tailing. The overall response factor, CRF, was measured by summing the individual resolutions between pairs of peaks. Hence, the CRF will increase as analytical performance improves. 

Borra C, Di Corcia A, Marchetti M, et al. 1986. Evaluation of graphitized carbon black cartridges for rapid organic trace enrichment from water application to priority pollutant phenols. Anal Chem 58 2048-2052. 

S. Morales and R. Cela, Capillary electrophoresis and sample stacking in non-aqueous media for the analysis of priority pollutant phenols, J. Chromatogr. A, 846, 401 11, 1999. 

A. Zemann and D. Volgger, Separation of priority pollutant phenols with coelectroosmotic capillary electrophoresis, AnaZ. Chem., 69, 3243-3250,1997. 

A large number of analytical methods found in literature addressing the determination of phenolic compounds in water focus on the 11 priority pollutants of the phenolic compounds. Table 16.1 shows the 11 priority pollutant phenolic compounds. 

Pulsed amperometric detection using a glassy carbon electrode (+1200 mV versus Ag/ AgCl) in combination with online SPE with Qg material has been used for the determination of the 11 priority pollutant phenols at sub-pg/L levels [57]. Another application where pulsed amperometric detection has proved successful is for phenols in seawater [58]. After passing 1000 mL of seawater through a pol)nneric SPE material and detecting at +1.25 V versus Ag/AgCl, the phenols could be quantified at ng/L levels. 

Pentachlorophenol (Fig. 19), a wood preservative, is the priority pollutant within the group of chlorophenols that has been most released into the environment. Phenols are also breakdown products from natural organic com-... 

In addition to the conventional pollutant constituents, USEPA made a survey of the presence of the 126 toxic pollutants listed as priority pollutants in refinery operations in 1977 [5]. The survey responses indicated that 71 toxic pollutants were purchased as raw or intermediate materials 19 of these were purchased by single refineries. At least 10% of aU refineries purchase the following toxic pollutants benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, phenol, toluene, zinc and its compounds, chromium and its compounds, copper and its compounds, and lead and its compounds. Zinc and chromium are purchased by 28% of all refineries, and lead is purchased by nearly 48% of all plants. 

Forty-five priority pollutants are manufactured as final or intermediate materials 15 of these are manufactured at single refineries. Benzene, ethylbenzene, phenol, and toluene are manufactured by at least 10% of all refineries. Of all refineries, 8% manufacture cyanides, while more than 20% manufacture benzene and toluene. Hence, priority pollutants are expected to be present in refinery wastewaters. The EPA s short-term and long-term sampling programs conducted later detected and quantified 22 to 28 priority pollutants in refinery effluent samples [5]. 

The use of solvent extraction as a unit process operation is common in the pesticide industry however, it is not widely practised for removing pollutants from waste effluents. Solvent extraction is most effectively applied to segregated process streams as a roughing treatment for removing priority pollutants such as phenols, cyanide, and volatile aromatics [7]. One pesticide plant used a full-scale solvent extraction process for removing 2,4-D from pesticide process wastewaters. As a result, 2,4-D was reduced by 98.9%, from 6710 mg/L to 74.3 mg/L. 

Phenol, a common priority pollutant, was extracted from two environmental matrices, soil and water, using near-critical and supercritical carbon dioxide (Roop et al., 1989). 

Petrasek et al. (1983) spiked the influent of an activated sludge plant with 50 /tg/liter of 22 organic compounds from the EPA list of priority pollutants. Polychlorinated phenols and biphenyls, phenols, phthalates, and PAHs were tested, with average removal rates of 97%. However, higher concentrations can destabilize an activated sludge system. The presence of cyanide, pentachlorophenol, 1,2-dichloropropane,acrylonitrile, phenolics, and ammonia can cause instability in the operation of activated sludge plants (Allsop et al., 1990). 

To define the effectiveness of the UV/H202 process on a wide range of priority pollutants in water, Sundstrom et al. (1989) conducted experiments in a recirculating flow reactor system with low-pressure UV lamps at 254 nm. The temperature of the solution was maintained at 25°C, and pH was maintained at 6.8 by a phosphate buffer. Molar ratio of peroxide to pollutant was varied during the experiments. As the molar ratio of peroxide to pollutant increased, the reaction rates increased. Three monosubstituted benzenes were selected to examine the effect of a single substituent group on the rate of reaction of benzene. The rates of reaction were of similar magnitude for benzene and monosubstituted benzenes (toluene, chlorobenzene, and phenol) at the ratio of 7 for peroxide to pollutant. 

Involved in extensive study of SCWO processes Investigated SCWO process for pulp mill sludges Explored kinetics of SCWO of phenol Explored supercritical water reactor Investigated the unique features of supercritical water in terms of density, dielectric constant, viscosity, diffusivity, electric conductance, and solvating ability Explored multistep kinetic model of phenol in SCWO Involved in extensive SCWO study of priority pollutants... 

Phenol is commonly present in industrial streams and is classified as a priority pollutant. At temperatures of 380 to 440°C and pressures of 190 to 270 atm, oxidation rates were calculated from kinetic Equation 10.16 by Minok et al. (1997). Their results showed that, under the designed system conditions, the rate of phenol destruction was dependent only on temperature, concentration of water, oxygen, and phenol but not on pressure. Water acts in the system as a reactant and was considered to be a reactive radical producer. The destruction rate of phenol can be expressed as follows ... 

Chlorinated phenols are among the most important contaminants in the environment (aqueous systems and soils) due to their widespread use in industry and agriculture and for domestic purposes for over 50 years. It is well-known that chlorophenols are toxic at low levels. The more highly chlorinated phenols such as trichlorophenols and pentachlorophenol are also persistent. Five of the chlorophenols (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) have been classified as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

Several phenolic compounds occurring in industrial wastewaters, soils, sediments, and hazardous wastes are classified as U.S. EPA priority pollutants. These are presented in Table 2.23.1. 

Analytical Properties Separates phenols and EPA priority pollutants often used with metal ions (such as iron (III)) as chelate ligands 8-quinolinol has a high affinity for oxygen moieties and will form complexes with upwards of 60 metal ions often with an acidic aqueous mobile phase Reference 48-50... 

In this section, examples of laboratory studies concerning 03/UV/H202 advanced oxidations of some water pollutants are discussed. They have been chosen because of the high interest that their oxidation treatment has attracted among researchers in the field. Three different types of pollutants have been chosen phenols of different nature, s-triazine herbicides, and some volatile compounds, mainly chlorinated organics of low molecular weight (VOCs). Information is also given on the treatment of 1,4-dioxane, another important priority pollutant. These studies represent the scope and objectives to be reached in this type of laboratory research. 

Phenols and substituted phenols such as chlorinated phenols and related aromatic compounds are known to be usual components of industrial wastes. Some of the larger and more common sources of wastewater containing phenolic compounds are pulp and paper mills, petrochemical refineries, plastics and glue manufacturers, coke plants, food industries and leachate from municipal waste dumps (Rao et al. 2002). Many phenolic compounds are thought to be highly toxic and carcinogenic so they are considered to be priority pollutants. 

Phenols of enviromnental interest are derived from a wide variety of industrial sources, or present as biodegradation products of humic substances, tannins, and lignins, and as degradation products of many chlorinated phenoxyacid herbicides and organophosphorous pesticides. Phenols, especially chlorophenols, are persistent, and toxic at a few pg/1. Therefore, phenols are hsted at the US-EPA hst of priority pollutants and the EU Directive 76/464/EEC as dangerous substances. The samples to be analysed can be surface waters or industrial effluents. 

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