Maximum resolution

Lateral resolution Depth profiling Depth resolution Maximum depth Imaging/mapping... 

Depth resolution Minimum step Maximum step Lateral resolution Maximum sample size Instrument cost... 

Molecular Orbital (Theory, Level of Resolution) Maximum Overlap Criterion Nuclear Position Space... 

The operational characteristics such as depth resolution, maximum accessible depth and minimum detection limit in ERD are highly subjective to each experiment condition. In our system with the conditions described in the experimental procedures section and assuming Si as the primary matrix for the target, the typical performance characteristics in routine applications are 80-100 A depth resolution, 1 pm maximum depth and about 0.1 at.% minimum detection limit. For more discussion of operation characteristics one may refer to our earlier work (2). 

For the assumed set of chromatographic conditions, the IS-cm column reaches the resolution maximum at an analysis time of about SO min the 10-cm column, around 30 min and the S-cm column, at about IS mia Considering the stipulation of a pressure maximum of 20 MPa, the shortest analysis achievable on the IS-cm column is just under 6 min, about 2.S min for the 10-cm column, and about 40s for the S-cm column. This assumes, of course, that the quality of the separation remains adequate on the shorter columns at the increased speed. 

Systems, based on a method of inspection of slice by slice, in a number of cases allow to solve put problems. But for obtaining of higher resolution it is necessary to have an opportunity to increase number of inspected slices. It results in significant increasing of collection data time that is inadmissible in some applications. Besides this, the maximum allowable number of researched slices is rigidly limited by hardware opportunities of tomographs, and also by level of emission of x-ray sources. 

A recent design of the maximum bubble pressure instrument for measurement of dynamic surface tension allows resolution in the millisecond time frame [119, 120]. This was accomplished by increasing the system volume relative to that of the bubble and by using electric and acoustic sensors to track the bubble formation frequency. Miller and co-workers also assessed the hydrodynamic effects arising at short bubble formation times with experiments on very viscous liquids [121]. They proposed a correction procedure to improve reliability at short times. This technique is applicable to the study of surfactant and polymer adsorption from solution [101, 120]. 

The spectral resolution of the Fourier transfonned data is given by the wavelength corresponding to the maximum optical delay. We have and therefore AD = 1/5,. Therefore, if 0.1 cm spectral... 

The aehievable spatial resolution is limited by several eflfeets. The first is the maximum gradient strength and eneoding times available. Bearing in mind equation B1.14.1 and = l/A/n, the pixel size resulting from... 

The ability to identify different mass species depends on the energy resolution of the detector which is typically 15 keV fiill width at half maximum (FWFIM). For example, silver has a mass M2 = 108 and tin has a mass A , = 119. The difference between . = 0.862 and = 0.874 is 0.012. For 2 MeV helium ions the... 

It is possible to represent molecules with feature trees at various levels of resolution. The maximum simplification of a molecule is its representation as a feature tree with a single node. On the other hand, each acyclic atom forms a node at the highest level. Due to the hierarchical nature of feature trees, all levels of resolution can be derived from the highest level. A subtree is replaced by a single node which represents the union of the atom sets of the nodes belonging to this subtree. 

To ensure that only ions of any one selected m/z are transmitted (maximum resolution), the parameters (U, V, co) must be chosen such that a/q (or 2U/V) fits a line that passes close to R but... 

Quantitative mass spectrometry, also used for pharmaceutical appHcations, involves the use of isotopicaHy labeled internal standards for method calibration and the calculation of percent recoveries (9). Maximum sensitivity is obtained when the mass spectrometer is set to monitor only a few ions, which are characteristic of the target compounds to be quantified, a procedure known as the selected ion monitoring mode (sim). When chlorinated species are to be detected, then two ions from the isotopic envelope can be monitored, and confirmation of the target compound can be based not only on the gc retention time and the mass, but on the ratio of the two ion abundances being close to the theoretically expected value. The spectrometer cycles through the ions in the shortest possible time. This avoids compromising the chromatographic resolution of the gc, because even after extraction the sample contains many compounds in addition to the analyte. To increase sensitivity, some methods use sample concentration techniques. 

Contaminant by-products depend upon process routes to the product, so maximum impurity specifications may vary, eg, for CHA produced by aniline hydrogenation versus that made by cyclohexanol amination. Capillary column chromatography has improved resolution and quantitation of contaminants beyond the more fliUy described packed column methods (61) used historically to define specification standards. Wet chemical titrimetry for water by Kad Eisher or amine number by acid titration have changed Httle except for thein automation. Colorimetric methods remain based on APHA standards. 

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