Representative Studies

Many studies had been conducted using the integration of the EK process with several other technologies. However, only some selected ones will be introduced here. 

Since the appearance of the very first journal paper on the EK-Fenton process by Yang and Long (1999b), many researchers around the world have devoted their efforts to studying the different aspects of this hybrid process, including the treatment of various contaminants. A few selected studies are presented in the following paragraphs for the reader s reference. 

The present author s group has also conducted a pilot study on the in situ treatment of a chlorinated-hydrocarbons-contaminated site by using the combined 

TABLE 2L1. Concentration Variations of Major Contaminants Detected in the Monitoring Well in an In Situ Pilot Test Using EK-Fenton-Catalytic Iron Wall Technology 

Elapsed time of test Beginning 1 day 2 days 3 days 8 days 9 days 

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The detection of impurities or surface layers (e.g., oxides) on thick specimens is a special situation. Although the X-ray production and absorption assumptions used for thin specimens apply, the X-ray spectra are complicated by the background and characteristic X rays generated in the thick specimen. Consequently, the absolute detection limits are not as good as those given above for thin specimens. However, the detection limits compare very favorably with other surface analysis techniques, and the results can be quantified easily. To date there has not been any systematic study of the detection limits for elements on surfaces however, representative studies have shown that detectable surface concentrations for carbon and... 

Tables (3-1, 3-2, and 3-3) and figures (3-1 and 3-2) are used to summarize health effects and illustrate graphically levels of exposure associated with those effects. These levels cover health effects observed at increasing dose concentrations and durations, differences in response by species, minimal risk levels (MRLs) to humans for noncancer end points, and EPA s estimated range associated with an upper- bound individual lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 10,000,000. Use the LSE tables and figures for a quick review of the health effects and to locate data for a specific exposure scenario. The LSE tables and figures should always be used in conjunction with the text. All entries in these tables and figures represent studies that provide reliable, quantitative estimates of No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Levels (NOAELs), Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Levels (LOAELs), or Cancer Effect Levels (CELs).

In contrast to gas phase, organometallic, and biological studies, until recently, relatively few organic systems had been examined by TRIR methods. This chapter will begin with a brief survey of experimental approaches to TRIR spectroscopy and will follow with a discussion of several representative studies of organic reactive intermediates that demonstrate the significant utility of this technique. 

In order to gain information on the environments of certain atoms in dissolved species, in melts or in solids (crystalline or noncrystalline), which are not accessible to diffraction studies for one reason or another, X-ray absorption spectrometry (XAS) can be applied, with the analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and/or the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Surveys of these methods are available 39,40 a representative study of the solvation of some mercury species, ElgX2, in water and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) by EXAFS and XANES, combined with quantum-chemical calculations, has been published.41... 

Table 4 Some representative studies which determine chemical concentrations in the environment using models based on GIS methodology... 

Aspects of bonding and structure/dynamics in selected carbonium ions were presented and discussed. These representative studies demonstrate the power of structural theory in the development of concepts that could lead to new and efficient processes, especially in the area of hydrocarbon chemistry and catalysis. There is no doubt that as newer theoretical and experimental techniques and models are introduced, they will be applied to the study of carbonium ions. A deeper understanding of structure/dynamics of hypervalent non-classical carbonium ions will not only deepen our knowledge of structural theory in chemistry, but could also help in the development of new processes and materials useful in our daily life. 

Hydroboration of olefins catalyzed by the Wilkinson catalyst Rh(PPh3)3Cl has been the most studied reaction by quantum chemical calculations [25-27], In the following, three representative studies are described. 

Tables (2-1, 2-2. and 2-3) and figures (2-1 and 2-2) are used to summarize health effects by duration of exposure and end point and to illustrate graphically levels of exposure associated with those effects. All entries in these tables and figures represent studies that provide reliable, quantitative...

Series of homologous esters have been investigated to try to establish structure-metabolism relationships, however partial and limited the latter may be. This aspect will be discussed again in the context of prodrugs (Chapt. 8). Here, we mention a few representative studies in which model substrates were used. Table 7.2 documents the substrate specificity of a rabbit liver carboxylesterase (ES-1A) toward homologous series of methyl, 4-nitrophenyl, a-naphthyl, /1-naphthyl, and 4-methylumbelliferyl esters [41]. In... 

Spontaneous or precipitated Withdrawal syndrome measures Some representative studies... 

The availability of rodent models of nicotine physical dependence and abstinence has made it possible to identify several anatomical regions that play a critical role in these phenomena. In reviewing the evidence, the multidimensional nature of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome should be considered, raising the possibility that different withdrawal signs and symptoms might be attributable to events in different anatomical regions. Table 2 summarizes a number of representative studies. There is some overlap with Table 3 on neurochemical mechanisms, since many studies cited there are studies of regional neurochemistry. 

Unlike the comprehensive reviews provided in sections 3 and 4 for PEFC and DMEC, respectively, the present review on SOEC modeling will be brief and is not meant to be exhaustive. Instead, only major trends are indicated by way of representative studies. 

The continuous development and implementation of molecular orbital theory ab initio methods have enlarged the applications to this area too. Indeed, the impact of theoretical calculations in thermochemistry is substantial. Experimental groups often use calculations as a supplement to the interpretation of their results. In this section we will mention a few recent and representative studies that are directly associated with the bond dissociation energies of silanes. Early theoretical investigations of the Si—H bond strength in silanes have been summarized [13]. 

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