Polychlorinated phenols

Chloranils, which are formed from polychlorine phenols by heating briefly with cone, nitric acid, can be detected, without chlorine treatment, with TDM reagent, followed by heating (10 min 110°C) [3]. Phenols yield variously colored chromatogram zones (e.g. phenol mauve, chromotropic acid grey, 8-hydroxyquinoline light brown, 4-/ert-butyl-pyrocatechol red [1]). 

Androulaki E, A Hiskia, D Dimotikali, C Minero, P Calza, A Papaconstantinou (2000) Light induced elimination of mono- and polychlorinated phenols from aqueous solutions by PWj204q . The case of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Environ Sci Technol 34 2024-2028. 

There are two putative mechanisms whereby bacteria become resistant to polychlorinated phenols. These are illustrated by the following examples ... 

Apajalahti JH, MS Salkinoja-Salonen (1987) Dechlorination and para-hydroxylation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus. J Bacteriol 169 675-681. 

Apajalahti JHA, MS SaUcinoja-Salonen (1986) Degradation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 25 62-67. 

Cells of Desulfomonile tiedjei induced by growth with 3-chlorobenzoate were able to partially dechlorinate polychlorinated phenols, specifically at the 3-position, whereas the monochlorophenols were apparently resistant to dechlorination (Mohn and Kennedy 1992). Details of the reductase have already been described in Part 1 of this chapter. 

Tomasi I, I Artaud, Y Bertheau, D Mansuy (1995) Metabolism of polychlorinated phenols by Pseudomonas cepacia ACllOO determination of the first two steps and specific inhibitory effect of methimazole. J Bacterial 111 307-311. 

Calcium hydroxide, Polychlorinated phenols See Calcium hydroxide Polychlorinated phenols, etc. 

Knuutinen, J., Palm, H., Hakala, H., Haimi, J., Huhta, V., and Saltninen, J. Polychlorinated phenols and their metabolites in soil... 

Petrasek et al. (1983) spiked the influent of an activated sludge plant with 50 /tg/liter of 22 organic compounds from the EPA list of priority pollutants. Polychlorinated phenols and biphenyls, phenols, phthalates, and PAHs were tested, with average removal rates of 97%. However, higher concentrations can destabilize an activated sludge system. The presence of cyanide, pentachlorophenol, 1,2-dichloropropane,acrylonitrile, phenolics, and ammonia can cause instability in the operation of activated sludge plants (Allsop et al., 1990). 

Puhakka, J. A. Jarvinen, K. T. (1992). Aerobic fluidized-bed treatment of polychlorinated phenolic wood preservative constituents. Water Research, 26, 765-70. 

Violent reaction with maleic anhydride, nitroethane, nitromethane, nitroparaffins, nitropropane, and phosphorous. Reaction with polychlorinated phenols and potassium nitrate forms extremely toxic products.2 3... 

Hammel KE, Tardone PJ. The oxidative 4-dechlorination of polychlorinated phenols is catalyzed by extracellular fungal lignin peroxidases. Biochemistry 1988 27 6563-6568. 

The most frequent use of the photo-Fenton technology has been the treatment of industrial waters and lixiviates. Nitroaromatics, polychlorinated phenols, herbicides (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4,5-T), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) and pesticides have been successfully degraded [39]. 

In an intramolecular example of photodechlorination implying a phenolate anion, a triplet sensitizer and triethylamine, a cyclization of perchlorinated o-phenoxyphenol to octachlorodibenzodioxin is observed. An intramolecular electron transfer from the polychlorinated phenolate moiety to the perchloro-phenyl residue is considered together with an intermolecular electron transfer from external triethylamine followed by an intramolecular SrnI path for the ring closure [177]. 

SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by ingestion. A severe eye irritant. A skin, mucous membrane, and respiratory system irritant. Mutation data reported. Causes dermatitis. Dust is considered to be a significant industrial hazard. A common air contaminant. Violent reaction with maleic anhydride, nitroethane, nitromethane, nitroparaffins, nitropropane, phosphoms. Reaction with polychlorinated phenols + potassium nitrate forms extremely toxic products. See also CALCIUM COMPOUNDS. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidi2er SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Ingestion of large quantities may cause gastroenteritis. Chronic exposure can cause anemia, nephritis, and methemoglobinemia. When heated, reaction with calcium hydroxide + polychlorinated phenols forms extremely toxic chlorinated benzodioxins. 

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