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The activity in a 10.00-mL sample of radioactive wastewater containing fgSr was found to be 9.07 X 10 disintegrations/s. What is the molar concentration of 3gSr in the sample The half-life for fgSr is 28.1 years. 

The plant wastewater containing NH and urea is subjected to a desorption—hydrolysis operation to recover almost all the NH and urea. In some plants, this water can then be used for boiler feedwater. 

Wastewater. Phenol is a toxic poUutant to the waterways and has an acute toxicity (- 5 m g/L) to fish. Chlorination of water gives chlorophenols, which impart objectionable odor and taste at 0.01 mg/L. Biochemical degradation is most frequently used to treat wastewater containing phenol. Primary activated sludge, along with secondary biological treatment, reduces phenol content to below 0.1 mg/L (69). 

As the sludge age is increased, more of the sludge is oxidized and the net sludge wasted is decreased. If the wastewater contains influent volatile suspended sohds, such as that in a pulp and paper mill, the soHds not oxidized in the process must be added to the net wasted. 

Although it has been reported (138) that decolorization of wastewater containing reactive azo dyes with sodium hydrosulfite is possible only to a limited extent, others have demonstrated good reduction (decolorization). For example, using zinc hydrosulfite for the decolorization of dyed paper stock (139) resulted in color reduction of 98% for azo direct dyes (139). A Japanese patent (140) describes reducing an azo reactive dye such as Reactive Yellow 3 with sodium hydrosulfite into its respective aromatic amines which ate more readily adsorbable on carbon than the dye itself. This report has been confirmed with azo acid, direct, and reactive dyes (22). 

As indicated above, industrial wastewater contains avast array of pollutants in soluble, colloidal, and particulate forms, both inorganic and organic. In addition, the required effluent standards are also diverse, varying with the industrial and pohutant class. Consequently, there can be no standard design for industrial water-pohution control. Rather, each site requires a customized design to achieve optimum performance. However, each of the many proven processes for industrial waste treatment is able to remove more than one type of pollutant and is in general applicable to more than one industry. In the sections that follow, waste-treatment processes are discussed more from the... 

The catalyst dust is then separated from the resulting carbon dioxide stream via cyclones and/or electrostatic precipitators and is sent off-site for disposal or treatment. Generated wastewater is typically sour water from the fractionator containing some oil and phenols. Wastewater containing metal impurities from the feed oil can also be generated from the steam used to purge and regenerate catalysts. 

In many cases, this wastewater has environmental implications and incurs treatment costs. In addition, wastewater may wash out valuable unused raw materials from the process areas. It is very important to know how much wastewater is going down the drain, and what that wastewater contains. The wastewater-flows from each imit operation, as well as from the process as a whole, need to be quantified, sampled, and analyzed. 

Enter the name and address of each POTW to which your facility discharges wastewater containing toxic chemicals for which you are reporting. If you do not discharge wastewater containing the reported toxic chemicals to a POTW, enter not applicable, NA, in the POTW name line in Part II, Section 1.1. 

Corrective Action Application Hydrolysis was favorably applied to a site in which the wastewater contained very soluble, refractory organics. In addition, tars were being produced in high quantities on this site. Both of these problems were solved using a hydrolyzer. Figure 17 illustrates a flow diagram of this process. As a result, the wastewater treatment goals were achieved, and the production of tar was reduced. 

In the previous problem, it is desired to treat 12 m /hr of wastewater containing 1 wt/wt% urea. The osmotic pressure of the feed is 7 atm. The power consumption of the system is esdmated to be 5.0 kWh/m of permeate. Maintenance, pretreatment, and operating cost (excluding power) is S0.2/m of permeate. The annualized fixed cost of die system may be evaluated through the following expression ... 

Wastewaters containing chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are very toxic for aquatic system even at concentrations of ppm levels [1] thus, appropriate treatment technologies are required for processing them to non-toxic or more biologically amenable intermediates. Catalytic wet oxidation can offer an alternative approach to remove a variety of such toxic organic materials in wet streams. Numerous supported catalysts have been applied for the removal of aqueous organic wastes via heterogeneous wet catalysis [1,2]. 

We are asked for the molarity of an acid. The analysis is a titration. Knowing that the wastewater contains strong acid, we can write the general acid-base neutralization reaction ... 

The wastewater contains Cd +, so an anion must also be present in the solution to balance the charge of the cadmium ions. Other species may exist as well. The problem asks only about the cadmium in the wastewater, so assume that any other ions are spectators. The sodium hydroxide solution contains Na and OH, so the major species in the treated wastewater include B.2 O, Cd ", OH", and Na. The equilibrium constant for the precipitation reaction is the inverse of for Cd (OH)2 ... 

C18-0127. Phosphate ions are a major pollutant of water supplies. They can be removed by precipitation using solutions of Ca ions because the of calcium phosphate is 2.0 X 10 . Suppose that 3.00 X 10 L of wastewater containing P 03 at 2.2 X 10 M is treated by adding 120 moles of solid CaCl2 (which dissolves completely), (a) What is the concentration of phosphate ions after treatment (b) What mass of calcium phosphate precipitates ... 

Hydrothermal oxidation (HO) [also called supercritical water oxidation (SeWO)] is a reactive process to convert aqueous wastes to water, CO2, O2, nitrogen, salts, and other by-products. It is an enclosed and complete water treatment process, making it more desirable to the public than incineration. Oxidation is rapid and efficient in this one-phase solution, so that wastewater containing 1 to 20 wt % organics may be oxidized rapidly in SOW with the potential for higher energy efficiency and less air pollution than in conventional incineration. Temperatures range from about 375 to 650°C and pressures from 3000 to about 5000 psia. 

Cleaned steel products (e.g., sheets, plates, bars, pipe) Process wastewater containing mill scale, oils, other pollutants, and low levels of metals Wastewater sludge Air pollution control (APC) dust Spent pickle liquor (K062)... 

The concentrations of metals found in complexed metals subcategory raw waste streams are presented in Table 9.6. Complexed metals may occur in a number of unit operations but come primarily from electroless and immersion plating. The most commonly used metals in these operations are copper, nickel, and tin. Wastewaters containing complexing agents must be segregated and treated independently of other wastes in order to prevent further complexing of free metals in the other streams. 

FIGURE 19.4 Postdenitrification and predenitrification configurations for the treatment of wastewaters containing formaldehyde and urea. 

Maintaining the stability of a biological treatment of wastewaters containing formaldehyde and urea is complicated because some compounds exert a toxic effect on the processes involved. Figure 19.5 shows the possible toxic interactions between the different compounds and processes. 

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