Pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Another useful standard Is SRM 1647, priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (in acetonitrile). It can be used to calibrate liquid chromatographic Instruments (retention times. Instrument response), to determine percent recoveries, and to fortify aqueous samples with known PAH concentrations. Figure 8 Illustrates the HPLC separation and UV detection (fluorescence is also used extensively) for the 16 priority pollutants. 

Figure 8. Reversed-phase HPLC separation of SRM 1647, priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (In acetonitrile), using UV detection.

Fluorescence and GC/MS analyses show Chat carbonized coal hydrocarbons are widespread contaminants of sediments In the Elizabeth River, Norfolk, Va. The highest levels are found In the vicinity of suspected sources and generally decrease with Increased distance from these sources. Parent aromatic compounds are the predominant hydrocarbon component of carbonized coal and can be uniquely detected even In the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. Carbonized coal products are a chronic source of priority pollutant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Elizabeth River. 

Wilson SS, KC Jones (1993) Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, a review. Environ Pollut 81 229-249. 

Means, J.C., Hassett, J.J., Wood, S.G., Banwart, W.L. (1979) Sorption properties of energy-related pollutants and sediments. In Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. P.W. Jones and P. Leber Editors, pp. 329-340, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Wild, S.R., Berrow, M.L., Jones, K.C. (1991) The persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge amended agricultural soils. Environ. Pollut. 72(2), 141-157. 

Fuoco et al. [539] has reported the analysis of priority pollutants in seawater using online supercritical fluid chromatography, cryotrap gas chromatogra-phy-mass spectrometry. Using this system polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls were measured in seawater with recoveries better than 75%. 

Black, J.J. 1983. Epidermal hyperplasia and neoplasia in brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) in response to repeated applications of a PAH containing extract of polluted river sediment. Pages 99-111 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Formation, Metabolism and Measurement. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Sawicki, E., S. P. McPherson, T. W. Stanley, J. Meeker, and W. C. Elbert. Quantitative composition of the urban atmosphere in terms of polynuclear aza heterocyclic compounds and aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Int. J. Air Water Pollut. 9 515-524, 1%5. 

Rossi. S.S. and Neff. J.M. Toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Mar. Pollut. Bull, 9 220-223. 1978. 

Schuetzle, D., and J. M. Perez, Factors Influencing the Emissions of Nitrated-Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Nitro-PAH) from Diesel Engines, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 33, 751-755 (1983). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Sampling and Analysis Procedures for Screening of Industrial Effluents for Priority Pollutants. Method 610, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH, 1977. 

Wild, S. R., and K. C. Jones, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom Environment A Preliminary Source Inventory and Budget, Environ. Pollut., 88, 91-108 (1995). 

There are 14 analytical methods developed by U.S. EPA for measuring common organic pollutants in air. These analytes include aldehydes and ketones, chlorinated pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and many volatile organic compounds. These methods may also be applied to analyze other similar substances. All these methods are numbered from TO-1 to TO-14 and based on GC, GC/MS, and HPLC analytical techniques. Method numbers, sampling and analytical techniques, and the types of pollutants are outlined in Table 1, while individual substances are listed in Table 2. 

Similarly, many xenobiotics, such as pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), plasticizers, phenols, and some other dmg residues, are also toxic even at trace levels present in the earth s ecosystem [5-7], Without analytical techniques capable of detecting them at nanolevels, we assume the absence of these pollutants in the environment, while these notorious pollutants accumulate in our body tissues resulting in various diseases and side effects such as carcinogenesis and failure of many vital body organs including the kidney, liver, and heart [8-11]. Under such situations, it is essential to have analytical techniques that can detect dmgs, pharmaceuticals, and xenobiotics in biological and environmental samples at very low concentrations. 

Zhou, J.L., Fileman, T.W., Evans, S., Donkin, P., Mantoura, R.F.C., Rowland, S.J., 1996. Seasonal distribution of dissolved pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Humber Estuary and Humber coastal zone. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32, 599-608. 

In our industrialized society, pollutants are being released into our atmosphere in the form of gases and chemical compounds adsorbed onto tiny particles. For example, one such class of compounds which is of concern is polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) since some of these compounds are reported to be carcinogenic. Three PAHs which can be formed during incomplete combustion have been identified in steel coking operations, automobile exhaust, and cigarette smoke. 

The analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants was performed on a Fisons Instrument Gas Chromatograph GC-800 series, connected to a Fisons Instrument Mass Selective Detector (MS) MD-800. 

Capillary electrophoresis has been used for the analysis of chiral pollutants, e.g., pesticides, polynuclear-aromatic hydrocarbons, amines, carbonyl compounds, surfactants, dyes, and other toxic compounds. Moreover, CE has also been utilized to separate the structural isomers of various... 

During the last decade, CE has been increasingly used for the determination of environmental pollutants. Some of the methods of pre-treatment of waste environmental samples have been carried out prior to the injection into the CE system, as discussed above. CE has been applied for the determination of inorganic and organic pollutants. The major inorganic pollutants include metal ions and anions. On the other hand, the most common toxic organic environmental pollutants analysed by CE are phenols, pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,... 

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other environmental contaminants have been associated with immunotoxic effects, but, in most instances, it remains difficult to assign the effects to pure compounds. For example, immunotoxic effects of PCBs in free-ranging harbor seals have been associated with increasing blubber concentrations of PCBsJ34 yet the waters inhabited by these animals are also contaminated with other POPs, including chlorinated pesticides and chlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Indeed, the PCBs themselves are mixtures of different moieties with varying immunotoxic properties. 

Pancirov, R. J. and R. A. Brown. 1975. Analytic methods for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils, heating oils, and marine tissues. In Proceedings of the 1975 Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Pollution, March 25-27, 1975. San Francisco, CA. American Petroleum Institute Washington, DC., 103-114. 

Beltran, F.J. Gonzalez, M. Rivas, F.J. Alvarez, P. Fenton reagent advanced oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 1998, 105, 685-700. 

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