Other Analyzers

A TOF analyzer can be used alone or in conjunction with other analyzers to function as a hybrid mass spectrometer. The hybrids provide advantages not attainable, or difficult to attain by the... 

Other analyzers such as the Gilford Automated Enzyme Analyzer and the LKB-8600 Reaction Rate Analyzer analyze discrete samples one at a time. These instruments provide kinetic analyses, digital data reduction at the time each sample is analyzed, and excellent electronic and optical characteristics. Recently, Atwood has developed kinetic enzyme analyzers which require only 9 seconds for measuring an enzyme activity, using highly stable and sensitive electronic circuits (12). This short read out time allows a large number of samples to be processed by one instrument in an automated mode. 

The unit of a wrapper with its associated program or database query is called an analyzer. Analyzers are often highly specific. The correctness of their results depends partially on certain conditions, such as the taxonomic specification. Annotation added by an analyzer is often in turn exploited by other analyzers executed later. EDITtoTrEMBL uses the conditions, which are stored in the RuleBase, for the execution of analyzers. Dispatchers, programs that coordinate the flow of entries between different analyzers, evaluate these conditions. 

To minimize calibration development costs, it would be ideal to produce a calibration using data obtained on only one of the analyzers (the master instrument), and simply transfer this calibration to all of the other analyzers (the slave instruments). 

The PDS method [108,109,114,115] can be very effective for spectroscopic analyzers, and other analyzers that generate data on a continuous variable axis. In PDS, the responses of a set of transfer standards are obtained on both the master and the slave instrument (thus producing and X, respectively). It is then desired to obtain a transformation matrix F such that the spectra obtained on the slave instrument can be transformed into spectra that would have been obtained on the master instrument ... 

Cost is medium to high relative to other analyzers. 

The FC procedure was automated some time ago (Slinkard and Singleton, 1977). Although there have been no more published reports on contemporary automation, there are many laboratories that have adapted the procedure to clinical analyzers (G. Burns and T. Collins, pers. comm.). It seems likely that the procedure could be adapted to other analyzers as well. 

ICP spectroscopy has been applied in quantitative elemental analysis in forensic examinations (57), and for such issues as the determination of source provenance based on these data for materials such as ochre (58) or other pigments. Speakman et al. (59) report on the characterization of archaeological materials with LA-ICP-MS, while others analyzed pigments successfully on pottery from the American Southwest (60), including the Mesa Verde region (61) among others. 

Detailed kinematic investigations of flow near the front of a stream were undertaken.284 A diagram of the experimental device is shown in Fig. 4.49. In the experimental procedure, a liquid was placed in a chamber with transparent walls above an aluminum piston, which was driven downwards by connection to a suitable drive. This resulted in the appearance of streams inside the liquid,and three different flow zones could be distinguished. The so-called "fountain effect discussed in Section 2.11 appeared near the free surface, while a reverse fountain flow was observed below the moving surface. It is interesting to note the movement of two liquids with different densities, when one liquid is used as a piston to push the other (analyzed experimentally and theoretically).285 If the boundary between the two liquids is stationary and the walls of the chamber move at constant velocity, then the pattern of flow is as shown in Fig. 4.50, where flow trajectories corresponding to front and reverse fountain effects are clearly shown. Two other flow patterns -developed flow inside the main part of the chamber and circulation near the surface of the aluminum piston - were also observed. 

In this situation, it would be ideal to produce a calibration on only one of the analyzers, and simply transfer it to all of the other analyzers. There are certainly cases where this can be done effectively, especially if response variability between different analyzers is low and the calibration model is not very complex. However, the numerous examples illustrated above show that multivariate (chemometric) calibrations could be particularly sensitive to very small changes in the analyzer responses. Furthermore, it is known that, despite the great progress in manufacturing reproducibility that process analyzer vendors have made in the past decade, small response variabilities between analyzers of the same make and... 

Urine Bile 1 Other analyze unknown white powder... 

Raman analyzers can be considered for applications that IR or NIR detectors are suited for, but the cost of a Raman process analyzer exceeds that of other analyzers. Therefore, as yet, their applications are few and can be found in areas where continuous and fast readings are more important than cost and precision. In the future, the availability of inexpensive, rugged process probes that can work reliably within a high-pressure, high-temperature, and corrosive process environment will increase their use. 

The limitations of Raman spectroscopy are its low sensitivity compared to IR absorption and fluorescence interference from impurities in the sample. Raman spectroscopy is a developing technology, and a good amount of research and planning is necessary before deciding whether or not to employ it. The cost of a Raman process analyzer exceeds that of other analyzers. To reduce cost, Raman analyzers often include multichannel capability. Up to four process streams can be analyzed with a single CCD camera by splitting the lasers. 

Other analyzers include gas chromatography, which is a sensitive, automated, and semi-continuous technique in which CO is separated from water, CO2, and hydrocarbons (other than methane) by a stripper column and CO is passed through a catalytic reduction tube where it is converted to methane. The converted CO is passed through a flame ionization detector its sensitivity range is 0.026 to 43.7 ppm (IPCS, 1999). Other methods such as small personal exposure monitors (PEMs) can measure CO concentrations on a continuous basis and store data on internal digital memories (Ott et ah, 1986). 

One common method that will not be considered here is two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins prior to protein identification. This topic has been extensively reviewed elsewhere (2). Furthermore, this chapter will not attempt to review the different instruments available to analyze the samples using mass spectrometry. Some instruments are capable of analyzing proteins directly (for example, MS analysis using a MALDI-based platform) and others analyze peptides (for example, LC MS/MS), derived from endogenous proteins by the action of proteases. The protease employed is very often, but not exclusively, trypsin and the analysis of the peptides allows the parent protein to be identified. 

In general, the components being separated and quantified by these analyzers are of relatively low molecular weight (less than a molecular weight of 1000). In fact, the high-molecular-weight components are usually removed by ultrafiltration or precipitation for the ninhydrin-positive compound analyzer and, in some cases, for the other analyzers. The detected compounds are thus the metabolic and catabolic products of the life processes. 

Figure 1 shows that the viscosity-temperature relationship revealed by plotting In 77 against VT is linear for the base (1) and compositions 1 (2) and 2 (3) with additive content up to 20 wt% for other analyzed fluids (4), (5), and (6) this relationship is not linear. Therefore, we may conclude that the flow of some analyzed fluids does not obey the activation mechanism described by the Arrhenius-Frenkel-Eiring equation within the studied temperature range. 

Benoiton et al. (1971) have found that lysine and s-N-monomethyl-lysine have similar 570/440 nm ratios after reaction with ninhydrin as measured with the analyzer, and that e-N-dimethyllysine and e-N-trimethyllysine also have similar 570/440 nm ratios, but the 570/440 nm ratios of the two pairs are different. This provided a method for estimating from the 570/440 nm ratio the content of e-N-monomethyl-lysine and e-N-dimethyllysine in hydrolysates that are analyzed in systems in which these two derivatives are not separated. For other analyzer systems that have been used to study methylated lysines, see the references cited above and also Deibler and Martenson (1973). 

Comparison with other analyzers (Ektachem as comparative instrument). ... 

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