Seasonal distributions

Additional considerations can be drawn if we look at the seasonal distribution of the projected changes in climate, as shown in Table 4. In particular, both RCMs project an important reduction of the precipitation field in both the spring and... 

Sleugh B, Moore KJ, George JR, Brummer EC (2000) Binary legume-grass mixtures improve forage yield, quality, and seasonal distribution. Agron J 92 24-29 Smolinska U, Morra MJ, Knudsen GR, James RL (2003) Isothiocyanates produced by Brassicaceae species as inhibitors of Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Dis 87 407-412 Soon YK, Harker KN, Clayton GW (2004) Plant competition effects on the nitrogen economy of field pea and the subsequent crop. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68 552-557... 

The following spatial patterns are evident from the seasonal distribution of... 

Fig. 18 Seasonal concentration of highest annual flood for various catchments in Switzerland [64]. r = variability of occurrence between 0 (even seasonal distribution of flood) and 1 (flooding always occurs on the same day), r is represented as a vector (red). D = mean date of occurrence...

Burgherr P, Ward JV (2001) Longitudinal and seasonal distribution patterns of the benthic fauna of an alpine glacial stream (Val Roseg, Swiss Alps). Freshw Biol 46 1705... 

Geologists in the nineteenth century deduced that the Earth has experienced several ice ages, during which the ice sheets that cover the poles today reached much farther afield. In 1930 the Serbian mathematician Milutin Milankovitch showed how changes in the shape of the Earth s orbit around the Sun could trigger an ice age by altering the seasonal distribution of sunlight at the planet s surface. There are three cyclic variations in the orbit, with periods of 23,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years. The interplay of these Milankovitch cycles produces a complex but predictable and slow variation in climate over hundreds of thousands of years. 

Chung HY, Ma WCJ, Kim J-S (2003) Seasonal Distribution of Bromophenols in Selected Hong Kong Seafood. J Agric Food Chem 51 6752... 

Murnock, J.M. (2002) Vertical and Seasonal Distributions and Relationships of Arsenic in Presques Isle Sediments. Master of Science Thesis, Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania, p. 81. 

Rublee, P.A., 1982. Seasonal distribution of bacteria in salt marsh sediments in North Carolina. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 15 67-79. 

Several compounds were also found to have a seasonal distribution. Kubatova et al. (2002) found that concentrations of lignin and cellulose pyrolysis products from wood burning were higher in aerosol samples collected during low-temperature conditions. On the other hand, concentrations of dicarboxylic acids and related products that are believed to be the oxidation products of hydrocarbons and fatty acids were highest in summer aerosols. PAHs, which are susceptible to atmospheric oxidation, were also more prevalent in winter than in summer. These results suggest that atmospheric oxidation of VOCs into secondary OAs and related oxidative degradation products are key factors in any OA mass closure, source identification, and source apportionment study. However, additional work is much desirable to assess the extent and seasonal variation of these processes. 

Midcontinent Herbicide Project. During 1989, a reconnaissance study of 147 streams in 10 midwestem states was conducted to determine the geographic and seasonal distribution of herbicides and their degradation products. Sites were selected to ensure geographic distribution and regional-scale interpretation of the data (Figure 30.4). The streams were sampled before application of herbicides, during the first major runoff period after application of herbicides,... 

OCPs such as DDTs, HCHs, CHLs, and endosulfan showed a similar seasonal variation of atmospheric levels as PCBs with greatest levels in summer (Yeo et al., 2004a). This seasonal distribution is due to limited environmental release of OCPs following ban of OCPs in South Korea. 

The seasonal distribution of particle-associated PAHs is controlled by a combination of emission factors (EFs), dispersion conditions and chemical mechanisms (Caricchia et al., 1999 Menichini et al., 1999). This balance depends on the relative importance of degradation processes and emission sources (Guo et al., 2003b). The highest PAH concentrations of a sampling site were usually obtained from winter samples, and the differences were far higher in northern cities than southern ones, suggesting that coal combustion for space heating contributes the most PAHs in winter in Northern China. 

Zhou, J.L., Fileman, T.W., Evans, S., Donkin, P., Mantoura, R.F.C., Rowland, S.J., 1996. Seasonal distribution of dissolved pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Humber Estuary and Humber coastal zone. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32, 599-608. 

The rainwater of Bermuda is in near equilibrium with atmospheric Pc02 = 10-3.5 atm., and contains small amounts of sea salt (0.07 wt. % seawater). The rainfall of 147 cm y1 is seasonally distributed. The rain enters the saturated zone by two main paths direct rainfall on marshes and ponds, and percolation downward from the vadose zone as vadose seepage and flow through rocks during times of soil water excess (Vacher, 1978). Total annual recharge of the saturated zone is about 40 cm y-1 (Vacher and Ayers, 1980). The residence time of the groundwater has been calculated as 6.5 years, and the average age of the sampled water as 4 years (Vacher et al., 1989). Such estimates are necessary for calculations of carbonate mineral stabilization rates, as shown in a later section. 

Figure 13.11 Seasonal distribution of (a) total suspended particulates (TSP) and (b) particulate organic carbon (POC) along a salinity gradient and distance from the mouth of the Delaware Bay estuary. (Modified from Harvey and Mannino, 2001.)...

Seasonal distribution of water runoff and suspended sediment load was practically unchanged in spite of reservoir construction on the Danube River. 

This section reviews the different cell types reported for the six Phaeocystis species which are considered here according to their revised taxonomic status as recommended by Baumann et al. (1994), Medlin et al. (1994) and Vaulot et al. (1994). This is particularly relevant for the species globosa, which has long been referred to as pouchetii in the previous literature (e.g., Parke etal. 1971 Kayser 1970 Admiraal and Venek-amp 1986 Veldhuis et al. 1991 Davidson and Marchant 1992a). The seasonal distribution of the different cell types in the natural environment will also be considered in order to assess their role in the life cycle. 

Haglund, K., Pettersson, A., Peterson., M., Kylin, H., Lord, S.C. and Dollenmeier, P. (2001) Seasonal distribution of the anti-fouling compound Irgarol 1051 outside a marina in the Stockholm archipelago. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66 50-58. 

The climatological and seasonal distributions of chemical species (i.e., the chemical climate) calculated by CHASER have already been evaluated in Sudo et al. (2002b, 2003). The focus here is on the validation and interpretation of the chemical... 

Gao Y., Kaufman Y. J., Tanre D., Kolber D., and Falkowski P. G. (2001) Seasonal distributions of aeolian iron fluxes to the global ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 29-32. 

The seasonal distributions of Be and Pb at Champaign, IL, a mid-continent site, are shown in Figure 12. The highest 24 h mean b concentrations occur principally in winter when atmospheric stability is greatest the highest Be concentrations occur in summer when vertical mixing is strongest. The effect is pronounced, and there is little overlap between the summer and... 

Okada H. and McIntyre A. (1979) Seasonal distribution of modern coccolithophores in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 54, 319-328. 

FIGURE 10.3 Major Baltic inflows (MBls) between 1880 and 2007 and their seasonal distribution (upper right) shown in terms of their relative intensity (Matthaus and Franck, 1992 Fischer and Matthaus, 1996 supplemented and updated by Matthaus, 2006a) and 5-year running means of river runoff to the Baltic Sea (inside the entrance sills) averaged from September to March (shaded). Black boxes on the time axis MBls arranged in clusters. 

Major Baltic inflows identified between 1880 and 2007, shown in terms of the relative intensity G96, and their seasonal distribution are given in Fig. 10.3. The characteristics of the 30 most intensive MBls between 1880 and 2007 ranked according to G96 are compiled in Table 10.2. 

Ammonium and nitrite concentrations are characterized by seasonal distribution patterns deviating from phosphate and nitrate cycles in the euphotic zone. Both nutrients are consumed by phytoplankton in the period of high biological productivity reaching low... 

Seasonal distributions of methane are discussed in the chapter by J.D. Cline et al.. 

---