Humber Estuary

The cyclic siloxanes have also been found in water from wastewater treatment plants in concentrations up to 710 pg/L in the influent and 13 pg/L in the effluent [283]. In fish, cyclic siloxane levels are usually in the low ng/g range but can go up to several hundreds of ng/g. Kierkegaard et al. [284] found a top D5 concentration of 300 ng/g wet weight in flounder from the Humber estuary in England. 

Kierkegaard A, van Egmond R, McLachlan MS (2011) Cyclic volatile methylsiloxane bioaccumulation in Flounder and Ragworm in the Humber Estuary. Environ Sci Technol 45 5936-5942... 

Zhou, J.L., Fileman, T.W., Evans, S., Donkin, P., Mantoura, R.F.C., Rowland, S.J., 1996. Seasonal distribution of dissolved pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Humber Estuary and Humber coastal zone. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32, 599-608. 

Tyler, A.O., Millward, G.E., Jones, P.H., Turner, A., 1994. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Humber Estuary, UK. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32, 397 103. 

Uncles, C.M., Lavender, S.J., and Stephens, J.A. (2001) Remotely sensed observations of the turbidity maximum in the high turbid Humber Estuary, UK. Estuaries 24, 745-755. 

The accuracy of a measurement is a parameter used to determine just how close the determined value is to the true value for the test specimens. One problem with experimental science is that the true value is often not known. For example, the concentration of lead in the Humber Estuary is not a constant value and will vary depending upon the time of year and the sites from which the test specimens s are taken. Therefore, the true value can only be estimated, and of course will also contain measurement and sampling errors. The formal definition of accuracy is the difference between the experimentally determined mean of a set of test specimens, x, and the value that is accepted as the true or correct value for that measured analyte, /i0. The difference is known statistically as the error (e) of x, so we can write a simple equation for the error ... 

Plume, England Humber Estuary Spring/Summer 5 m WW 0-63.4 14.6-46.3 6.1-22 Shaw et al, 1998... 

Barnes, J., and Owens, N. J. P. (1998). Denitrification and Nitrous Oxide concentrations in the Humber Estuary, U.K., and adjacent coastal zones. Mar. Poll. Bull. 37, 247—260. 

Over the last few hundred years there has been large-scale loss of wetland environments in rivers and estuaries throughout the world due to development pressures and flood control measures. The continued loss of wetlands removes valuable ecological habitats and also reduces the capacity for both carbon storage and nutrient removal by the processes described above. In the Humber estuary (UK), more than 90% of the intertidal marshes and supratidal wetlands have been lost to land reclamation over the last 300 years or so, resulting in a 99% reduc-... 

Table 3.1 Physical characteristics of the Clyde and Humber Estuaries...

The magnitude of this fraction (Table 3.2), which has important implications concerning the bioavailability, transport and fate of these constituents (Balls, 1989 Pankow MacKenzie, 1991 Webster Ridgway, 1994) varies from more than 90% for Cd and Cs in sea water and oxygen depleted waters of the Clyde, to less than 5% for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the Humber Estuary and the low salinity zone of the Clyde. 

Figure 3.4 The removal of dissolved trace metals and chlorinated organic compounds as a function of added particle concentration (SP/Vf ) in the river end-member of the Humber Estuary, calculated according to Equation (3.10) for SP/Vf° = 5mg H and a = 0.50.

Figure 3.5 Schematic illustration of particle fluxes in the Clyde and Humber Estuaries. Arrow size denotes relative magnitude of the flux. The broken line represents the boundary of the saline intrusion and the river. REM and MEM denote river and marine end-members, respectively. All terms are defined in the text.

Edwards, A., Freestone, R. Urquhart, C. (1987) The Water Quality of the Humber Estuary, 1986. A Report of the Humber Estuary Committee, 27 pp. 

Gardiner, J. (1982) Nutrients and persistent contaminants. In A.L.H. Gameson (ed.) The Quality of the Humber Estuary. Yorkshire Water Authority, Leeds, 27-33. 

Kitts, H.J., Millward, G.E., Morris, A.W. Ebdon, L. (1994) Arsenic biogeochemistry in the Humber Estuary, U.K. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 39, 157-72. 

If the processes occurring in intertidal sediments have some unique qualities and result in sometimes unexpected impacts on nutrients, there is one feature which may dominate the overall importance of intertidal areas. This is the morphology of the system. For example, the intertidal sediments of the Wash embayment located at the distal end of the canalised Gt Ouse Estuary (Figure 5.7a) remove a minimum of 30% of the incident nitrate by denitrification. This may be contrasted with the Humber Estuary where the intertidal areas are located marginally (Figure 5.77 ) and the overall loss is no more than 10% (unpublished JoNuS data). Although other factors have a role, it is the location of the intertidal areas with respect to the flow of water that is critical in determining the impact of intertidal sediments on the transport of nutrients from land to sea. 

Figure 5.7 The distribution of intertidal sediments in (a) the Wash and b the Humber Estuary in relation to the main fresh water inputs. The intertidal in the Wash is at the distal end of canalised estuaries whereas the intertidal in the Humber tends to be marginal to the flow of water. Diagram not to scale.

Prastka, K.E. Malcolm, S.J, (1994) Particulate phosphorus in the Humber estuary, Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 28, 397-403. 

Jickells, T., Andrews, J., Samways, G., Sanders, R. and Malcolm, S. (2000) Nutrient fluxes through the Humber estuary - past, present and future. Ambio, 29, 130-135. 

Zhou JL, Fileman TW, House WA, Long JLA, Mantoura RFC, Meharg AA, Osbom D, Wright J (1998) Fluxes of organic containants from the river catchment into, through and out of the Humber Estuary, UK. Marine Poll Bull 37, 330-342. 

Figure 3 Concentrations of dissolved metals in the Humber Estuary as a function of salinity in winter with high fluvial input (solid symbols) and spring with reduced fluvial input (open symbols) (A) cadmium (B) total mercury (C) lead.

Barnes J and Owens NJP (1998) Denitrification and nitrous oxide concentrations in the Humber estuary, UK and adjacent coastal zones. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37 247-260. 

Andrews JE, Samways G, Dennis PF, Maher BA (2000) Origin, abundance and storage of organic carbon and sulphur in the Holocene Humber Estuary Emphasizing human impact on storage changes. Geol Soc London Special Publ 166(1) 145-170... 

One of the first Pulse Stream generators was the 100 kW test rig situated in the Humber estuary, which currently feeds power into a chemicals company on the banks of the river. The shells of the blades of one of these Pulse Stream 100 tidal generators were manufactured in glass fibre/epoxy polymer composites the spar was fabricated in carbon fibre/epoxy polymer composites. The spar, which is thick compared with the shell, was manufactured by the infusion technique, but for subsequent generators the prepreg technique will be used to make the spars. Figure 10.8 shows the Pulse Stream 100 tidal generator. 

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