Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons nitration

N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylie acid N-nitrosothiazolidine polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons polynuclear aromatic compounds peroxy acetyl nitrate... 

Paputa-Peck, M. C., R. S. Marano, D. Schuetzle, T. L. Riley, C. V. Hampton, T. J. Prater, L. M. Skewes, T. E. Jensen, P. H. Ruehle, L. C. Bosch, and W. P. Duncan, Determination of Nitrated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Particulate Extracts by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen Selective Detection, Anal. Chem., 55, 1946-1954(1983). 

Schuetzle, D., and J. M. Perez, Factors Influencing the Emissions of Nitrated-Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Nitro-PAH) from Diesel Engines, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 33, 751-755 (1983). 

For characterisation, aromatic hydrocarbons can be sulphonated, chloro-sulphonated, carboxybenzoylated and nitrated. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and many of their derivatives, yield crystalline adducts with picric acid, styphnic acid, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone. 

Conditions for the mononitration of naphthalene, typical of the more reactive polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, are to be found in Expt 6.17. Naphthalene can also be nitrated by a mixture of nitric acid and glacial acetic acid, a reagent also suitable for some polyalkylated benzenes. 

Study of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons offers a point for the merger of the fully empirical pa relationship with the more theoretical molecular orbital treatment. A detailed review of recent progress in this area is presented by Streitwieser (1961). The success of the simplest molecular orbital treatment is illustrated in Fig. 35. This figure presents a correlation of the relative rates of nitration (Table 6) for a series of alternant polynuclear hydrocarbons. The correlation parameters are the localization energies, NT, devised by Dewar (1952). A more sophisticated procedure, the molecular orbital w-technique, which permits the... 

The synthesis of quinones from arenes is an area which demands further research, despite the number of reagents presently available for this transformation. This is highlighted by the synthesis of the naphthoquinone (3). Direct oxidation of the dibromoarene (1) was unsatisfactory, and therefore Bruce and coworkers had to resort to a multistep sequence involving nitration, reduction, diazotization, displacement by hydroxide and finally oxidation of the phenol (2) with Fremy s salt (Scheme 1). Although there are examples of the oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to quinones, the direct oxidation of an arene to a quinone is a process not encountered in the synthesis of more complex mt ecules. 

The PANs are known to be quite sensitive to walls in laboratory studies, and therefore are likely to react on aerosol surfaces. The PANs are very soluble in nonpolar organics. PANs can undergo important oxidation reactions on soot surfaces, leading to the formation of oxidized and nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which can be highly mutagenic. " The measurement of the PANs, as well as more usual oxidants such as O3, nitrate radical, and hydroxyl radical, is an important part of the characterization of potentially hazardous air pollutants. 

Interest in the study of the nitration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has developed recently, partly because of the significance of combustion-derived nitrated PAHs in the environment (3-6). The nitration of PAHs in innocuous media such as methylene chloride by N(IV) (N02 and N204) has been of particular interest, because the textbook view of aromatic nitration has been the acid-catalyzed route. PAH nitration by N(IV) is surprisingly rapid at ambient temperatures, and Eberson and Radner (7, 8) and Pryor et al. (9) focused on electron transfer as the key to the reaction ... 

THE IDENTIFICATION AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATED POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (NITRO-PAH)... 

Nitrated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Sampling of Diesel Emissions, J. of Air Pollution Control Assoc., Submitted, 11/82. 

Reductive Remediation of Nonhalogenated Molecules. Na/NHa treatments can also destroy nonhalogenated hazardous conqraunds. Three classes pollutants will be mentioned here polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs), nitro- and nitrate-type explosive wastes and chemical warfare agents. The treatment of neat sanq>les of PNAs leads to destmction efficiencies of 99.99% for many of these conq)ounds including such examples as acenaphthene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,l]perylene, chrysene, fluorandiene, fluorine, naphdialene and phenanthrene. With the exception of naphthalene and anthracene, conq)lex product mixtures are formed. Radical anion formation followed by protonation occurs sequentially leading to dihydro, tetrahydro and further reduced products (see Scheme 3). Depending on the reaction conditions, dimerization of intermediate radicals can occur to give dimers in various states of reduction. 

Organic gases Hydrocarbons Aldehydes, ketones Other organics Benzene, butadiene, butene, ethylene, isooctane, methane Acetone, formaldehyde Acids, alcohols, chlorinated hydrocarbons, peroxyacyl nitrates, polynuclear aromatics There are two main groups of hydrocarbons of concern volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 

Three studies on radical cations discuss the characterization of polynuclear aromatic radical cation salts as organic metals (8), the reactions of cation radicals with neutral radicals (9), and the magnetic-electrical properties of perfluoroaromatic radical-cation salts (10). Chapters on polynuclear aromatic compounds in nonvolatile petroleum products (II) and in coal-based materials (12) present reviews of the subject and new findings. The remaining chapters in this book discuss the thermal conversion of polynuclear aromatic compounds to carbon (13), the nitration of pyrene by mixtures of N02 and N204 (14), the spectra, structures, and chromatographic retention times of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (15), the desulfurization of polynuclear thiophenes correlated with tt electron densities (16) and simple theoretical methods to predict and correlate polynuclear benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon reactivities (IT). 

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