Analysis procedure

Chemical analysis is concerned with the procedures and techniques used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of a sample of a substance. A chemist executing a qualitative analysis seeks to identify the substances in the sample. A quantitative analysis is an attempt to determine the quantity or concentration of a specific substance in the sample. 

The measurement of chemical composition is necessary throughout the chemical industry, environmental regulatory government, and many other fields of science. 

The practicing engineer is often required to analyze such diverse materials as stainless steel, beer, a fingernail, a rose petal, smoke, aspirin, paper, etc. The determination of the identity or quantity of a constituent in such materials is preceded by a sampling step— the selection of the amount and uniformity of material required for the analysis—and by the separation ftom the sample of either the desired constituent or the undesired, interfering constituents. Some typical analytical techniques are presented in Table 2.1. 

Although chromatography is the most generally applicable of the separation methods available to the practicing engineer, there are a host of other procedures. These are detailed in Table 2.2. 

Theodore, F. Ricci, and T. VanVuet, Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, John Wil Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2009. 

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Sangsila, S. Labinaz, G. Poland, J. S. et al. An Experiment on Sequential Simplex Optimization of an Atomic Absorption Analysis Procedure, /. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 351-353. 

Safety Review. The safety review was perhaps the very first hazard analysis procedure developed. The procedure begins by the preparation of a detailed safety review report. The purpose of this report is to provide the relevant safety information regarding the process or operation. This report is generally prepared by the process engineer. A typical outline for this report follows. 

In the AWWA specification standards, technical soHd sodium chlorite should not contain less than 78.0 wt % NaC102. The impurity limits for 80% assay sodium chlorite should not be more than 17.0 wt % sodium chloride, 3.0 wt % sodium carbonate, 3.0 wt % sodium sulfate, and 0.0003 wt % arsenic. The AWWA standards also specify the analysis procedures for all of the chemical components ia the sodium chlorite. 

Size Analysis. ASTM and BS (18) provide a number of methods dealing with the size specifications and size analysis procedures including D197, D410, D311, and D431. 

Guide for Determining Mass per Enit Area ofElectrodeposited and Related Coatings by Gravimetric and Other Chemical Analysis Procedures... 

This method is used for the determination of total chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), beiylhum (Be), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), thalhum (Tl), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and mer-cuiy (Hg) stack emissions from stationaiy sources. This method may also be used for the determination of particulate emissions fohowing the procedures and precautions described. However, modifications to the sample recoveiy and analysis procedures described in the method for the purpose of determining particulate emissions may potentially impacl the front-half mercury determination. 

Extended Plant-Performance Triangle The historical representation of plant-performance analysis in Fig. 30-1 misses one of the principal a ects identification. Identification establishes troubleshooting hypotheses and measurements that will support the level of confidence required in the resultant model (i.e., which measurements will be most beneficial). Unfortunately, the relative impact of the measurements on the desired end use of the analysis is frequently overlooked. The most important technical step in the analysis procedures is to identify which measurements should be made. This is one of the roles of the plant-performance engineer. Figure 30-3 includes identification in the plant-performance triangle. 

Should the additional component compositions be required to fully understand the unit operation, the laboratory may have to develop new analysis procedures. These must be tested and practiced to establish reliabihty and minimize bias. Analysts must sribmit known samples to verify the accuracv. 

If the problem were accurately known, identification of which measurements should be taken would be exact. When the problem is initially not accurately known, the identification, measurement, and analysis procedure is iterative. Famiharity with the plant will help in identifying the measurements most likely to provide insight. 

Benchtop X-ray energy dispersive analyzer BRA-17-02 based on a gas-filled electroluminescent detector with an x-ray tube excitation and range of the elements to be determined from K (Z=19) to U (Z=92) an electroluminescent detector ensures two times better resolution compared with traditional proportional counters and possesses 20 times greater x-ray efficiency compared with semiconductor detectors. The device is used usually for grits concentration determination when analysing of aviation oils (certified analysis procedures are available) and in mining industry. 

The goal of our investigation was to develop the X-ray fluorescence analysis procedure for the determination of heavy metals in the paint-and-lacquer materials. 

An important issue, the significance of which is sometime underestimated, is the analysis of the resulting molecular dynamics trajectories. Clearly, the value of any computer simulation lies in the quality of the information extracted from it. In fact, it is good practice to plan the analysis procedure before starting the simulation, as the goals of the analysis will often detennine the character of the simulation to be performed. 

Fortunately, the physics of interaction of energetic electrons and X rays with solid matter is sufficiendy well understood to permit implementation of a quandtadve analysis procedure, the so-called ZAF method, which is based upon a combination of theory and empiricism, to calculate separate correction fiictors for each of the... 

A bulk sample is the last choice and the least desirable. It should be submitted "for laboratory use only" if there is a possibility of contamination by other matter. The type of bulk sample submitted to the laboratory should be cross-referenced to the appropriate air samples. A reported bulk sample analysis for quartz (or cristobalite) will be semi-quantitative in nature because (1) The XRD analysis procedure requires a thin layer deposition for an accurate analysis. (2) The error for bulk samples analyzed by XRD is unknown because the particle size of nonrespirable bulk samples varies from sample to sample. 

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (ca. 1989). Handbook of Chemical Hazard Analysis Procedures. Washington, D. C. FEMA Publications Office. 

S15 Papazoglou, I. A. et al., Probabilistic Safety Analysis Procedures Guide, BNL, January 1984,... 

Swain, A. D., Accident Sequence Evaluation Procedure (ASEP) Huan Reliability Analysis Procedure, 1987. 

Performance analysis procedure Design review procedure... 

Design analysis procedures (reliability, safety, maintainability, etc.) Supplier/subcontractor performance review procedure Management review procedure Continuous improvement procedure... 

The procedure of laminate strength analysis outlined in Section 4.5.2, with the Tsai-Hill lamina failure criterion will be illustrated for cross-ply laminates that have been cured at a temperature above their service or operating temperature in the manner of Tsai [4-10]. Thus, the thermal effects discussed in Section 4.5.3 must be considered as well. For cross-ply laminates, the transformations of lamina properties are trivial, so the laminate strength-analysis procedure is readily interpreted. 

The predicted strengths in Figure 4-44 are generally somewhat above the measured values. The predicted and observed stiffnesses, both initial (below the knee) and final, are in very good agreement. Thus, the stiffness aspects of classical lamination theory, as well as the present strength-analysis procedure, are verified. 

The example considered to illustrate the strength-analysis procedure is a three-layered laminate with a [4-15°/-15°/+15°] stacking sequence [4-10]. The laminae are the same E-glass-epoxy as in the cross-ply laminate example with thickness. 005 in (.1270 mm), so that the total laminate thickness is. 015 in (.381 mm). In laminate coordinates, the transformed reduced stiffnesses are... 

The Tsai-Hill criterion governs failure of a lamina (the strength-analysis procedure could, of course, involve another criterion). 

The manner in which the laminate design is approached can be expressed in flow-chart form as in Figure 7-59. There, some initial laminate is arbitrarily selected to start the procedure. Then, the laminate load-deflection behavior is evaluated by use of the laminate strength analysis procedure described in Section 4.5. That evaluation is theoretical in nature. The next step is to evaluate the laminate fatigue life, and that evaluation can only be done experimentally, although progress is... 

For components not covered by RP 14C, SAT and SAC tables can be developed using the modified FMEA analysis procedure. 

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