Peroxide oxidations

Aniline Nitric acid, peroxides, oxidizing materials, acetic anhydride, chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, ozone... 

Trichloroacetic acid is manufactured in the United States by the exhaustive chlorination of acetic acid (38). The patent Hterature suggests two alternative methods of synthesis hydrogen peroxide oxidation of chloral (39) and hydrolytic oxidation of tetrachloroethene (40). 

Oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidant. Most of its uses and those of its derivatives depend on this property. Hydrogen peroxide oxidizes a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds, ranging from iodide ions to the various color bodies of unknown stmcture in ceUulosic fibers. The rate of these reactions may be quite slow or so fast that the reaction occurs on a reactive shock wave. The mechanisms of these reactions are varied and dependent on the reductive substrate, the reaction environment, and catalysis. Specific reactions are discussed in a number of general and other references (4,5,32—35). 

Owiag to the lower basicity of the parent amines, aromatic amine oxides cannot be formed directiy by hydrogen peroxide oxidation. These compounds may be obtained by oxidation of the corresponding amine with a peracid perbenzoic, monoperphthaUc, and monopermaleic acids have been employed. 

Stronger oxidizing agents such as chlorine, bromine, permanganate, chromate, or alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidize thiosulfate quantitatively to... 

Vinyl chloride can be completely oxidized to CO2 and HCl using potassium permanganate [7722-64-7] in an aqueous solution at pH 10. This reaction can be used for wastewater purification, as can ozonolysis, peroxide oxidation, and uv irradiation (42). The aqueous phase oxidation of vinyl chloride with chlorine yields chloroacetaldehyde (43). 

Whiter fabrics are produced if an oxidative bleaching is followed by a reductive one this is often referred to as full bleaching. One such process involves a hydrogen peroxide oxidative bleaching, followed by addition of thiourea to the Hquor to generate thiourea dioxide for a reductive bleach in situ (115). 

Nickel plating solutions may contain excess iron and unknown organic contaminants. Iron is removed by peroxide oxidation, precipitation at a pH of about 5, then filtered out. The more complex, less water-soluble organic contaminants along with some trace metals are removed with activated carbon treatments in separate treatment tanks. About 5 g/L of plating-grade activated carbon is mixed in the plating solution for at least 1—2 hours, usually at warmer temperatures. 

Pyrimidine N-oxides may be made directly or via their N-alkoxy analogues by means of the Principal Synthesis or other primary synthesis. The alternative route is peroxide oxidation of the parent pyrimidine but this can lead to a mixture of 1- and 3-oxides if the substrate is unsymmetrical about the 2,5-axis of the molecule. 

The first in this series to be reported was 4-oxoisoxazoline-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester, which was formed by the reaction of nitrous acid on diethyl acetonedicarboxylate in 1891. Quilico described a number of syntheses in his 1962 review and the most general include the reaction of hydroxylamine and a-hydroxy-(or acetoxy)- 3-diketones and the conversion of 4-isoxazolediazonium salts to the hydroxy moiety (62HC(17)1, p. 3). Additional syntheses reported were the oxygenation of a 4-boric acid derivative (67JOM(9)l9) and peroxide oxidation of a 4-nitro-2-isoxazoline (Scheme 151) (79ZOR2436). 

INVESTIGATION OF PEROXID OXIDATION PROCESSES OF BIOMACROMOLECULES LEADING TO CHEMILUMINESCENCE... 

Peroxide oxidation processes in human organism are one of based phenomena that is responsible for homeostasis. For this reason development and investigation of interaction mechanism between different biomacromolecules and lipids peroxide are important for forming complete picture of functioning of human being as biological system. 

In this work the development of mathematical model is done assuming simplifications of physico-chemical model of peroxide oxidation of the model system with the chemiluminesce intensity as the analytical signal. The mathematical model allows to describe basic stages of chemiluminescence process in vitro, namely spontaneous luminescence, slow and fast flashes due to initiating by chemical substances e.g. Fe +ions, chemiluminescent reaction at different stages of chain reactions evolution. 

The verification of theoretical data obtained by simulation of peroxide oxidation kinetics of macromolecules with experimental data, obtained from chemiluminescent analysis of blood using automated complex ChLC-1. This automated complex was developed by the authors and laboratory colleagues. 

The hydroboration step, being very sensitive to steric effects, yields only secondary alkylboranes from trisubstituted double bonds, whereas the less hindered alkylborane is formed predominantly from disubstituted steroidal double bonds. The diborane attack occurs usually towards the a-side and hence results in overall a-hydration of double bonds after alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation. ... 

N-Methylmorpholine Oxide-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation. The preparation of A-methylmorpholine oxide-hydrogen peroxide is described in Reagents for Organic Synthesis by L. Fieser and M. Fieser. 

The conversion of 2 -hydroxychalcones to 2-aryl-3-hydroxy-4f/-lbenzopyran-4-ones (flavonols) by alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation is known as the Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction or AFO oxidation. ... 

The only prominent antitumor tetravalent platinum complex so far is iproplatin (102). In vitro it has been shown to cause interstrand DNA-breaking and cross linking. Free radical scavengers inhibit these effects. The complex is less neurotoxic and less nephrotoxic than cisplatin. Its synthesis begins with hydrogen peroxide oxidation of cis-dichlorobis(isopropvlamine) platinum (100) to the dimethylacetamide complex 101. The latter is heated in vacuum to liberate iproplatin [25]. 

Nifurtimox, a nitrofuran, is a prodrug that is reduced to unstable nitroanion radicals, which react to produce highly toxic oxygen metabolites, such as superoxide and peroxide. Oxidative stress subsequently kills the parasite, which seems to lack effective enzymatic pathways to detoxify oxygen metabolites. 

Molybdenum, tris(phenylenedithio)-structure, 1,63 Molybdenum alkoxides physical properties, 2,346 synthesis, 2,339 Molybdenum blue liquid-liquid extraction, 1,548 Molybdenum cofactor, 6,657 Molybdenum complexes acrylonitrile, 2,263 alkoxides, 3,1307 alkoxy carbonyl reactions, 2,355 alkyl, 3,1307 alkyl alkoxy reactions, 2,358 alkyl peroxides oxidation catalyses, 6,342 allyl, 3,1306... 

Vanadium pentoxide and mercuric oxide were used as catalysts for the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of bis(phenylthio)methane to its monooxide 17a31 (equation 5). From the synthetic point of view, it is interesting to note that vanadium pentoxide, in addition to its catalytic action, functions also as an indicator in this reaction. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the reaction mixture is orange while in the absence of hydrogen peroxide a pale yellow colour is observed. Thus, it is possible to perform the oxidation process as a titration ensuring that an excess of oxidant is never present. 

Organotin(IV) compounds could be involved in other biological processes occurring in cells, specifically in peroxide oxidation of lipids. The latter process is very important from the viewpoint of physiology, and it follows a radical chain mechanism. ... 

Petrosyan et studied peroxide oxidation of oleic[(Z)-octadecenoic] acid in the presence of complexes derived from R SnCl4 and phosphatidylcholine [0P(0)(0H)0CH2CH2-N(Me)3, PChol] which is a short-chain analog of phospholipids, and also compared the effects of the complexes (R3SnCl)2-PChol (R = Me, Ph), R2SnCl2-PChol (R = Me, Bu), and RSnCls-PChol (R = Me, Ph) with that produced by the organotin parents. ... 

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidizes polysulfides to sulfate, e.g. ... 

Peroxides oxidize N,N-DPDD to Wurster s red, a semiquinone diimine derivative [4]. Similarly Wurster s red is also produced from N,N-DPDD by reaction with halogen-containing substances in the presence of sodium ethylate and UV light and by reaction with the chlorinated triazines produced by reaction with chlorine [7]. 

Peroxides oxidize TPDD to Wurster s blue, a product with a semiquinone diimine structure [1]. Similarly Wurster s blue is also produced from TPDD by reaction with halogen-containing substances produced by the reaction of aromatic amines and triazines with chlorine gas. 

Oxidation of thiophene with Fenton-like reagents produces 2-hydroxythiophene of which the 2(570 One isomer is the most stable (Eq. 1) <96JCR(S)242>. In contrast, methyltrioxorhenium (Vn) catalyzed hydrogen peroxide oxidation of thiophene and its derivatives forms first the sulfoxide and ultimately the sulfone derivatives <96107211>. Anodic oxidation of aminated dibenzothiophene produces stable radical cation salts <96BSF597>. Reduction of dihalothiophene at carbon cathodes produces the first example of an electrochemical halogen dance reaction (Eq. 2) <96JOC8074>. 

Caution Most selenium compounds are toxic consequently care should be exercised in handling them. The hydrogen peroxide oxidation of selenides is highly exothermic, acid-catalyzed, and auto-catalytic. The procedure given for adding the hydrogen peroxide solution should be carefully followed. 

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