Hydrogen peroxide oxidative hydrolysis

Incompatibility of the nitrile group with the oxidative work-up of the L-Selectride reduction using basic hydrogen peroxide Significant hydrolysis to the primary amide with concomitant exothermic activity and loss of product... 

Homophthalic acid has been prepared from naphthalene via phthalonic acid 1 from hydrindone by nitrosation, hydrolysis, and hydrogen peroxide oxidation 2 from hydrindene by oxidation with chromic and sulfuric acids 3 and from o-toluic acid by bromination of the acid chloride followed by treatment with alcohol and sodium cyanide and hydrolysis with 50 per cent sulfuric acid.4 Since phthalide has become commercially available, the preparation outlined above, essentially that described by Wis-licenus 5 fifty-six years ago, is by far the simplest and most economical. 

Fujishima and coworkers reported a method to electrochemically deposit IrOx NPs at BDD electrodes [87]. The deposition process was based on preparation of a solution containing hydrolysis products of IrCl63 and oxalate, followed by anodic electrodeposition of IrO% from this solution onto an anodically pretreated BDD electrode. They showed that for conditions under which only limited deposition was allowed to occur it was possible to deposit about 30 nm diameter IrO% N Ps that were relatively homogeneously distributed across the surface. They examined these deposits for hydrogen-peroxide oxidation and observed significant oxidative current at potentials as low as + 0.35 V at pH 7. 

More recently, Kang and Storm 171) have shown that conversion of cobalt(II) carboxypeptidase A to the corresponding cobalt (III) enzyme by hydrogen peroxide oxidation is accompanied by the complete loss of peptidase activity when assayed with CbzGly-L-Phe. Nevertheless, the esterase activity, as measured by the rate of hydrolysis of 0-(N-benzoyl-Gly)-D,L-phenyllactic acid, remains unaffected by this transformation. Cobalt(III) complexes are characterized by extremely slow exchange rates due to the transformation from a d (Coll) to a... 

This chapter presents various examples of enzyme catalysis by polymers including ester hydrolysis, decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of disubstituted phenols and hydroquinone, interfacial catalysis and other types of reaction. Because metal ions (Fe, Zn, Cu. Mn, Co, etc.) are often involved as coferments during enzyme catalysis, some examples illustrating their catalytic action are also given. The catalytic activity of polymeric coordination compounds is shown to depend on the strength of the ligand-metal bond. 

The rate of intramolecular amide hydrolysis in cobalt(III) complexes has been studied as models for zinc(II)-containing peptidases such as carboxypeptidase A, thermolysin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The cobalt(IIl) complexes (8) and (9) were prepared by hydrogen peroxide oxidation of the corresponding... 

The thioenol ethers are stable towards base and lithium aluminium hydride -but are reconverted to the parent compound on dilute acid hydrolysis. Raney nickel desulphurization can be used to form the diene . Hydrogen peroxide oxidation will convert the acid-labile thioenol ether to an acid-stable sulphoxidoenol ether . The sulphoxidoenol ether may be desulphurized with Raney nickel to the diene, or with lithium aluminium hydride reconverted to the thioenol ether for hydrolysis to the (x,j3-unsaturated ketone . These reactions are depicted in equation (80). 

Previous suggestions on the mechanism of hydrolysis of xenon difluoride have been confirmed/ The first intermediate is XeO, which interacts with water to give hydrogen peroxide. Oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by Xep2 has already been investigated, and involves a chain reaction initiated by reaction between XeO and H2O2. 

CH3CH2OHCH3. B.p. 82 C. Manufactured by hydrolysis of propene. Used in the production of acetone (propanone) by oxidation, for the preparation of esters (e.g. the ethanoate used as a solvent), amines (diisopropylamines, etc.), glycerol, hydrogen peroxide. The alcohol is used as an important solvent for many resins, aerosols, anti-freezes. U.S. production 1978 775 000 tonnes. 

Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids under conditions of ozonide hydroly SIS When one wishes to isolate the aldehyde itself a reducing agent such as zinc is included during the hydrolysis step Zinc reduces the ozonide and reacts with any oxi dants present (excess ozone and hydrogen peroxide) to prevent them from oxidizing any aldehyde formed An alternative more modem technique follows ozone treatment of the alkene m methanol with reduction by dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3)... 

The electrolytic processes for commercial production of hydrogen peroxide are based on (/) the oxidation of sulfuric acid or sulfates to peroxydisulfuric acid [13445-49-3] (peroxydisulfates) with the formation of hydrogen and (2) the double hydrolysis of the peroxydisulfuric acid (peroxydisulfates) to Caro s acid and then hydrogen peroxide. To avoid electrolysis of water, smooth platinum electrodes are used because of the high oxygen overvoltage. The overall reaction is... 

Rea.ctlons, When free (R-R, R -tartaric acid (4) is heated above its melting point, amorphous anhydrides are formed which, on boiling with water, regenerate the acid. Further heating causes simultaneous formation of pymvic acid, CH COCOOH pyrotartaric acid, HOOCCH2CH(CH2)COOH and, finally, a black, charred residue. In the presence of a ferrous salt and hydrogen peroxide, dihydroxymaleic acid [526-84-1] (7) is formed. Nitrating the acid yields a dinitro ester which, on hydrolysis, is converted to dihydroxytartaric acid [617 8-1] (8), which upon further oxidation yields tartronic acid [80-69-3] (9). 

Petoxycatboxyhc acids have been obtained from the hydrolysis of stable o2onides with catboxyhc acids, pethydtolysis of acyhinida2ohdes, reaction of ketenes with hydrogen peroxide, electrochemical oxidation of alcohols and catboxyhc acids, and oxidation of catboxyhc acids with oxygen in the presence of o2one (181). 

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