Oxidizing Substances and Organic Peroxides

Class 5 Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides (two divisions)... 

There are nine classes of dangerous goods, with divisions of some classes. The classes are explosive flammable and non-flammable non-toxic gases flammable liquids flammable solids and spontaneously combustible materials oxidizing substances and organic peroxides toxic and infectious substances radioactive and fissile materials corrosive substances and miscellaneous. 

Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases Class 5 Oxidizing substances and organic peroxide Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances... 

Atmospheric Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Organic Peroxides.—For many years traces of oxidising substances have been known to exist in the atmosphere.6 and have been variously characterised as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and organic pc, oxides. Unfortunately early investigators failed to appreciate the fact that it is extremely difficult to distinguish between and severally estimate such minute... 

By the use of the improved time/pressure testing rig, an assessment of the hazard of deflagration has been made for a series of chemicals as mixtures of oxidizers and flammable substances, 8 2 8 a 8 8 ( explosives 88 ) 0 and organic peroxides 8 3 8 81. Many of the compounds evaluated in these tests are solids, and it is thought that the hazard associated with deflagration may be affected by the granular size of the samples tested. It is, therefore, important to determine if the size of the grains affects the test results. 

Other heme compounds are also active biochemically. Cytochrome P-450 catalyzes oxidation reactions in the liver and adrenal cortex, helping to detoxify some substances by adding hydroxyl groups that make the compounds more water-soluble and more susceptible to further reactions. Unfortunately, at times this process has the reverse effect because some relatively safe molecules ai-e converted into potent carcinogens. Peroxidases and catalases are Fe(III)-heme compounds that decompose hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. The reactions seem to proceed through Fe(IV) compounds with another unpaired electron on the porphyrin, which becomes a radical cation. Similar intermediates are also known in simpler porphyrin molecules. ... 

Oxygen is very toxic and is the source of many other reactive and toxic substances, such as the so-called ROS, or reactive oxygen species, which include the superoxide anion, the nitrogen oxides, the singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and organic peroxides. Animals have a wide variety of enzymes and low molecular compounds that protect them from the devas-... 

CADOX (110-05-4) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point, >5°F/12°C). A strong oxidizer and organic peroxide. Heat and hot surfaces cause decomposition, with risk of explosion. May be shock- and friction-sensitive. Violent reaction with reducing agents, organic matter, thiocyanates. Keep away from all other substances. 

This section contains a number of regulations aimed at specifically identified substances (e.g., in Subpart D, fiammable, combustible, and pyrophoric liquids in Subpart E, flammable solids, oxidizers, and organic peroxides) and must be consulted by any shipper subject to EPA s pretransport regulation. 

Typical radiomimetic substances are organic peroxides (e.g. ethylene oxide), ethylene di-imine, mustard gas and derivatives, aliphatic dichloro-amines, etc. These compounds or chemical groups occur in many familiar materials such as tobacco smoke. The effect of a certain amount of a radiomimetic substance can be calculated to correspond to a radiation dose. Thus, smoking a pipe of tobacco corresponds to an average radiation dose of about 0.04 mSv. 

The physical, chemical and hazardous properties of a number of highly toxic or flammable substances that were in the past or being currently used in the warfare have been discussed in detail in several chapters in this book. Some of these compounds are further discussed under specific chapters, such as. Sulfur Mustards, Nerve Gases, Dioxin and Related Compounds and Napalm. These and many other compounds are in most cases grouped together in this book based on their chemical structures along with their toxic or flammable properties. Presented below is a brief discussion on various types of chemicals weapons developed for military applications. Explosive substances have been omitted from this section. They are discussed separately in this book under topics such as Explosive Characteristics of Chemical Substances, Nitro Explosives, Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides and also under specific title compounds in various chapters. 

Certain materials including some explosives, oxidizers, and organic peroxides are subject to violent reaction on exposure to heat, friction, impact, or certain chemicals. This risk may be reduced by the addition of a compatible desensitizer (e.g., water, organic liquids or solids, or inorganic solids) during transportation. Sensitized materials are those that have a reactive substance added to them to make them more sensitive. For example, relatively insensi-... 

Alkali metal peroxides are stable under ambient conditions in the absence of water. They dissolve vigorously in water, forming hydrogen peroxide and the metal hydroxide. They are strong oxidizing agents and can react violendy with organic substances. Only lithium peroxide and sodium peroxide have been commercialized. 

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