Reason for development

Thus, although there is a lack of formal guidance in Japan, it is apparent that there is a considerable degree of concordance with the regulatory principles established elsewhere. Approval is not proscriptive, is based on the data for individual cases and the applicant is required to justify their reasons for developing a racemate if that is the case. 

The answer that Zuse offers to the first question is to use irregularly organized lattices (recall T.D. Lee s random lattice field theory ([tdlee85a] section 12.5.3) and Ilachinski s speculative reasons for developing his SDCA model ([ilach87] see section 8.8) ... 

One of the reasons for developing the parallel plate catalyst was to reduce the pressure drop across the catalyst bed and consequently to reduce power costs for circulating the recycle gas. For pressure drop measurements across the 2-ft long catalyst beds, see Table X. These data show that the pressure drop across the parallel plates is about 1/15 of that across the pelleted catalyst bed. 

Vibrational spectroscopy has played a very important role in the development of potential functions for molecular mechanics studies of proteins. Force constants which appear in the energy expressions are heavily parameterized from infrared and Raman studies of small model compounds. One approach to the interpretation of vibrational spectra for biopolymers has been a harmonic analysis whereby spectra are fit by geometry and/or force constant changes. There are a number of reasons for developing other approaches. The consistent force field (CFF) type potentials used in computer simulations are meant to model the motions of the atoms over a large ranee of conformations and, implicitly temperatures, without reparameterization. It is also desirable to develop a formalism for interpreting vibrational spectra which takes into account the variation in the conformations of the chromophore and surroundings which occur due to thermal motions. 

The ionic concentration gradients in the transition layer constitute the reason for development of the diffusion component E of electric field strength (the component arising from the difference in diffusion or mobihties between the individual ions). The diffusion potential between the solutions, 9 = - / can be calculated... 

It had been assnmed in the past that the main reason for development of an activated transition state with enhanced energy is a stretching of chemical bonds. Thus, in the model of Horinti and Polanyi it was assnmed that stretching of H+-H2O bonds... 

The previous subsections defined the AIMS method, the various approximations that one could employ, and the resulting different limits classical mechanics, Heller s frozen Gaussian approximation, and exact quantum mechanics. As emphasized throughout the derivation, the method can be computationally costly, and this is one of the reasons for developing and investigating the accuracy of various approximations. Alternatively, and often in addition, one could try to develop algorithms that reduce the computational cost of the method without compromising its accuracy. In this subsection we discuss two such extensions. Each of these developments has been extensively discussed in a publication, and interested readers should additionally consult the relevant papers (Refs. 125 and 41, respectively). We conclude this subsection with a discussion of the first steps... 

From this description it is clear that this new cell is a highly specialized feature and this rises an interesting question of what was the primary reason for development of such a cell in the fish, where bones are not resorbed and colonized by the hematopoiesis. There is no experimental answer to this question yet, but speculation on that subject should concentrate on other requirements for bone resorption that would be of an immediate necessity for the fish. Such other requirement is tooth eruption. Without teeth fish would be unable to eat most of the food available, and to defend itself, so their eruption is of critical importance for survival. With emergence of calcification of bones during their development teeth had it increasingly more difficult to erupt and this required development of mechanism to assist in this process. So the hypothesis based on this speculation is, that the osteoclasts emerged primarily to assist tooth eruption. 

This chapter discusses both the development of models and their application. One way of organising this chapter would be to discuss model development first and then go on to consider the applications. However, as the entire reason for developing these models is to have a practical tool for system design, it was decided to start with the application of the models. The next section discusses the physical model for a monolith reactor, which is common to all technologies (except diesel particulate filters) discussed later. Our approach to model development will then be covered in detail, using TWCs as an example. The final section will outline work done on the various technologies used for diesel exhaust aftertreatment. 

The idea that the acidity function may be useful in determining the rates of acid-catalyzed reactions was the main reason for development of the method first proposed... 

There often are valid reasons for developing subclassifications of basic waste classes (i.e., classifications subordinate to those based... 

Another reason for developing these sensors is for detecting microquantities of C2H5OH in aqueous solutions of various origins. 

High specific impulse always has been the primary reason for developing new propellant systems. The discussion in the previous sections has shown that one of the best means of augmenting the performance of a propellant system is by adding greater quantities of the light metallic elements. It has been this desire to add additional metal to the system which has brought the recent innovations in rocket developments to the forefront. 

Describe the commercial reasons for developing advanced drag delivery systems... 

What is the main reason for developing a reservoir/matrix hybrid-type polymeric implant ... 

The use of animals for the preclinical evaluation of blood derivatives primarily encompassed evaluation for activity [4], and later for viral contamination, but little from the perspective of actual toxicological endpoints. Many of the hemophiliacs who were treated with early versions of antihemophilic factor (AHF) and Factor IX became infected with hepatitis [5], This provided the major reason for developing viral inactivation methods for AHF concentrates. The hepatitis agents were referred to as non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB). The preclinical demonstration that the active virus had been inactivated required the use of chimpanzees, which were injected with the AHF concentrate. During the early 1980s plasma fractionators used chimpanzee studies to demonstrate the effectiveness for the reduction of HBV and NANB hepatitis infectivity [6], Ultimately, previously untreated patients were evaluated in clinical trials that demonstrated the utility of a number of viral reduction methods for what was by then known as hepatitis C [7],... 

Traps compared to Trap Trees. Trap-trees have been used in Europe for more than 200 years to control the spruce bark beetle (14). One reason for developing pheromone traps is to replace the trap-tree method, which has become more and more expensive. An average trap-tree (20 cm d.b.h.) will be occupied by about 6500 beetles (12). Average trap-catches in 1980 were 7406 beetles. Within 2-3 weeks parent beetles occupying a trap-tree have utilized the phloem suitable for breeding so most of them emerge to attack another tree. After 3-4 weeks only 10-20% of the beetles are left. Trap-trees therefore have to be removed from the forest... 

The process of applying mathematical constructs to describe experimental results often reveals patterns in the agent s pharmacokinetics or dynamics that might not otherwise be discernible. Failure of a model s simulations to predict experimental measurements sometimes prompts questioning of the data, such as the reliability of the quantitative methods, or sample collection or exposure techniques. More often, it may indicate that greater complexity in the model s structure is required to capture the data s behavior. This is another primary reason for developing models to create hypotheses (model structures) that are falsifiable, leading to improved models and improved predictions in an iterative process. 

As stated earlier the major reason for developing on-line systems is to take account of feedback mechanisms for accurate modelling of NWP/MM-ACTM and quantifying direct and indirect effects of aerosols. Several questions can be identified in this regard ... 

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