Water-soluble organics

Polyelectrolytes refers to all water-soluble organic polymers used for clarification, whether they function as coagulants or flocculants. Water-soluble polymers may be classified as follows ... 

Water containing water-soluble organics produced during pyrolysis. 

Nickel plating solutions may contain excess iron and unknown organic contaminants. Iron is removed by peroxide oxidation, precipitation at a pH of about 5, then filtered out. The more complex, less water-soluble organic contaminants along with some trace metals are removed with activated carbon treatments in separate treatment tanks. About 5 g/L of plating-grade activated carbon is mixed in the plating solution for at least 1—2 hours, usually at warmer temperatures. 

Biomters are most economic when apphed to low-concentration gas streams (<1000 ppm) that are also oxygen rich. Greater than 90 percent destruction efficiencies can be obtained for water-soluble organics such as alcohols, aldehydes, and amines. Water-soluble inor-... 

TSK-GEL SW columns allow use of elution buffers comprised completely of water-soluble organic solvents, whereas the TSK-GEL PW packings limit organic cosolvent use to a maximum of 50%. 

A simple, reliable, and fast method of determining the pH of a solution and of monitoring a titration is with a pH meter, which uses a special electrode to measure H 0+ concentration. An automatic titrator monitors the pH of the analyte solution continuously. It detects the stoichiometric point by responding to the characteristic rapid change in pH (Fig. 11.9). Another common technique is to use an indicator to detect the stoichiometric point. An acid-base indicator is a water-soluble organic dye with a color that depends on the pH. The sudden change in pH... 

Vinyl monomers may be polymerized at favorable rates in an aqueous medium containing an emulsifier and a water-soluble initiator. A typical simple Tecipe would consist of the following ingredients with their proportions indicated in parts by weight 100 of monomer, 180 of water, 2 to 5 of a fatty acid soap, and 0.1 to 0.5 of potassium persulfate. Cationic soaps (e.g., dodecylamine hydrochloride) may be used instead of the fatty acid soap, and various other initiators may replace the persulfate (e.g., hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion, or a water-soluble organic hydroperoxide). 

Water-soluble organic polymers, sueh as hydroxethylcellulose, have been used to slow the leak-off rate of clear brines into permeable formations. Fluid loss or leak-off, however, can be effectively controlled only by bridging the pore openings with rigid or semirigid particles of sufficient size and number. 

When an organic phase is added to the medium, transfer of a poorly water-soluble organic component from organic to aqueous phase is observed across the liquid-liquid interface. A sparingly water-soluble substrate may make up the organic phase, or be dissolved in an apolar organic solvent. This can affect the transfer over the organic-aqueous interface. 

Floating immiscible liquids are suitable for controlling emissions of water-soluble organics. However, the effectiveness is temporary, estimated to be between one and two weeks. Some chemicals in water may prevent the formation of a monolayer, and wave action can destroy the monolayer effectiveness. 

Up to, or over 40% of the ammonium nitrate content of explosive mixtures with water-soluble organic fuels may be replaced with advantage by calcium nitrate. 

A triangular diagram shows the range of explosive mixtures in the hydrogen peroxide-benzene-water ternary system, and also includes data for various oxygenated water-soluble organic compounds. 

Soluble organic matter About 0.05-0.40% organic C and total N Water soluble organic compounds present in soil solution including simple compounds of plant and microbial origin. 

Hernandez D, Fernandez JM, Plaza C, Polo A (2007) Water-soluble organic matter and biological activity of a degraded soil amended with pig slurry. Sci Total Environ 378 101-103... 

Chart 2. Water-soluble organic dyes and a ruthena(II)cyclic dye used in these studies. 

The LLE of relatively polar and water-soluble organic compounds is, in general, difficult. The recovery obtained from 11 of water with dichloromethane is 90% for Atrazine but lower for its more polar, degradation products, i.e., di-isopropyl- (16%), di-ethyl- (46%),andhydroxy-atrazine (46%). By carrying out LLE with a mixture of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate with 0.2 mol/1 ammonium formate, the extraction recoveries for the three degradation products were increased to 62 %, 87 %, and 65 %, respectively [437]. 

The presence of a residual hydrocarbon phase in soils or sediments has been shown to increase the soil- or sediment-water distribution coefficients of poorly water-soluble organic contaminants [463,464]. Such petroleum-hydrocarbon-based phases have been shown to function as effective partition media for PCB congeners [467]. In general, sorption of contaminants by soils and sediments reduces their bio availability to microorganisms [468,469]. In this fashion, the... 

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