Oxidizing agents sodium peroxide

When primary alkyl phenyl tellurium or secondary alkyl phenyl tellurium compounds in methanol were treated with an excess of 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid at 20, the phenyltelluro group was eliminated and replaced by a methoxy group. This reaction, which converts alkyl halides used in the synthesis of alkyl phenyl telluriums to alkyl methyl ethers, produced the ethers in yields as high as 90%3-4 Olefins are by-products in these reactions4 With ethanol as the solvent, ethyl ethers were formed. Other oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, ozone, (ert.-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium periodate) did not produce alkyl methyl ethers. 

Oxidation agents hydrogen peroxide, sodium bromate... 

The ability of borate to form solid-stable compounds with the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide formed the basis for bleach technology employed in domestic laundry detergents for most of the twentieth century. Such compounds, referred to as perborates (the sodium perborates are listed in Table 17.1), rely for their excellent stability on the existence of peroxy di-borate anions (Figure 17.4) [23]. 

Neutralizing Lotion. The principal active ingredient of cold wave neutralizers is usually an oxidizing agent. The most popular is hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1J, employed at a concentration of 1—2% it continues to find widespread use. Aqueous solutions of sodium bromate [7789-38-0] at a concentration of 10—20% occasionally are used and are technically preferred over the peroxide formulations because of excellent stabiUty and absence of hair bleaching. Neutralizing powders appear to be on the decline but formulations stiU in use consist of sodium perborate [7632-04-4] combined with hexametaphosphates to improve solubiUty in hard water. 

Alkali metal peroxides are stable under ambient conditions in the absence of water. They dissolve vigorously in water, forming hydrogen peroxide and the metal hydroxide. They are strong oxidizing agents and can react violendy with organic substances. Only lithium peroxide and sodium peroxide have been commercialized. 

Rubber Chemicals. Sodium nitrite is an important raw material in the manufacture of mbber processing chemicals. Accelerators, retarders, antioxidants (qv), and antiozonants (qv) are the types of compounds made using sodium nitrite. Accelerators, eg, thiuram [137-26-8J, greatly increase the rate of vulcaniza tion and lead to marked improvement in mbber quaUty. Retarders, on the other hand (eg, /V-nitrosodiphenylamine [156-10-5]) delay the onset of vulcanization but do not inhibit the subsequent process rate. Antioxidants and antiozonants, sometimes referred to as antidegradants, serve to slow the rate of oxidation by acting as chain stoppers, transfer agents, and peroxide decomposers. A commonly used antioxidant is A/,AT-disubstituted Nphenylenediamine which can employ sodium nitrite in its manufacture (see Rubber chemicals). 

Quantitatively, sulfur in a free or combined state is generally determined by oxidizing it to a soluble sulfate, by fusion with an alkaH carbonate if necessary, and precipitating it as insoluble barium sulfate. Oxidation can be effected with such agents as concentrated or fuming nitric acid, bromine, sodium peroxide, potassium nitrate, or potassium chlorate. Free sulfur is normally determined by solution in carbon disulfide, the latter being distilled from the extract. This method is not useful if the sample contains polymeric sulfur. 

Redox reactions occur in the reduction of ores (metal oxides) into pure metals and the corrosion (oxidation) of pure metals in the presence of oxygen and water. Rusting iron, 4Fe + 30, + 611,0 —> 4Fe(OH), is a good example of metal oxidation. Strong oxidizing agents can be used as antiseptics (hydrogen peroxide, Fd,0,) or bleaches (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl). 

All attempts to oxidize either cis- or trans-di-t-butylthiirane oxides failed122 (see equation 20). Reagents investigated included m-chloroperbenzoic acid, sodium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone and aqueous potassium permanganate. The cis oxide was resistant to oxidation (apparently steric hindrance), and the trans isomer was consumed with excess oxidizing agent but no identifiable products could be isolated. 

Sodium is, like all other alkali metals, a very strong reducing agent (more reactive than lithium), which has extremely violent reactions with numerous compounds. It causes a large number of accidents. Sodium peroxide is a very reactive oxidant, which has violent interactions with reducing agents. Carbonates, and especially sodium hydroxide, are bases which react with acids (the reaction is aggravated by the formation of carbon dioxide). 

In the early studies on luminol and related hydrazides the systems used were composed of either sodium or potassium hydroxide, as base, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent (more recently molecular oxygen, hypochlorite, iodide, and permanganate have also been used), and some type of initiator or activator. This initiator was frequently hypochlorite, persulfate, a transition metal... 

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