Hydrogen peroxide ethylene oxidation

RocketPropella.nts, Liquid propellants have long been used to obtain maximum controUabiUty of rocket performance and, where required, maximum impulse. Three classes of rocket monopropellants exist that differ ia the chemical reactions that release energy (/) those consisting of, eg, hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, C2H4O and nitroethane, CH2CH2NO2 that can undergo internal oxidation—reduction reactions (2) those... 

Liquid rocket propellants are subdivided into monopropellants and bipropellants. Monopropellants are liquids which burn in the absence of external oxygen. They have comparatively low energy and specific impulse and are used in small missiles which require low thrust. Hydrazine is currently the most widely used monopropellant however, hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, isopropyl nitrate and nitromethane have all been considered or used as monopropellants. Information on the performance of some monopropellants is presented in Table 8.3. 

Single compounds which decompose exothermically such as hydrazine, -hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, acetylene, etc. 

OSHA PEL TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3 ACGIH TLV IW A 2 mg(SnVm3 SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. Potentially explosive reaction with metal nitrates. Violent reactions with hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, hydra2ine hydrate, nitrates, K, Na. Ignition on contact with bromine trifluoride. A vigorous reaction with calcium acetylide is initiated by flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl. See also TIN COMPOUNDS. 

ARMENIAN BOLE (1309-37-1) Contact with hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, calcium hypochlorite will cause explosion. Reacts violently with powdered aluminum, hydrazine, hydrogen trisulfide. 

Precaution Potentially explosive reaction with metal nitrates violent reactions with hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, nitrates, K, Na Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Fleated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of CL Storage Moisture-sensitive... 

Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m LD50 (oral, rat) 700 mg/kg, (IP, mouse) 66 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 17,800 pg/kg poison by ing., IP, IV, subcut. routes experimental reproductive effects human mutagenic data TSCA listed Precaution Potentially explosive reaction with metal nitrates violent reactions with hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, nitrates, K, Na Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp.. 

Hirvonen a, Tuhkanen T, Kalliokoski P (1996) Removal of Chlorinated Ethylenes in Contaminated Ground Water by Hydrogen Peroxide Mediated Oxidation Processes, Environ. Technol. 17 263-272. 

Ferric sulfate/ferrous sulfate hydrogen peroxide Radical oxidation-reduction Azides from ethylene derivatives... 

Trimethylamine, CjH N, (CH3J3N. Colourless liquid with a strong fishy odour, miscible with water, m.p. — I24 C, b.p. 3-5°C. It occurs naturally in plants, herring brine, bone oil and urine. It reacts with hydrogen peroxide to give trimethylamine oxide and with ethylene oxide to give choline its commercial importance stems chiefly from this latter reaction. 

Ammonia, anhydrous Mercury, halogens, hypochlorites, chlorites, chlorine(I) oxide, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous), hydrogen peroxide, chromium(VI) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, chromyl(VI) chloride, sulflnyl chloride, magnesium perchlorate, peroxodisul-fates, phosphorus pentoxide, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, acrolein, gold(III) chloride... 

Copper Acetylene and alkynes, ammonium nitrate, azides, bromates, chlorates, iodates, chlorine, ethylene oxide, fluorine, peroxides, hydrogen sulflde, hydrazinium nitrate... 

Tin(ll) chloride Boron trifluoride, ethylene oxide, hydrazine hydrate, nitrates, Na, K, hydrogen peroxide... 

Tetracyanoethylene oxide [3189-43-3] (8), oxiranetetracarbonitnle, is the most notable member of the class of oxacyanocarbons (57). It is made by treating TCNE with hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile. In reactions unprecedented for olefin oxides, it adds to olefins to form 2,2,5,5-tetracyanotetrahydrofuran [3041-31-4] in the case of ethylene, acetylenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons via cleavage of the ring C—C bond. The benzene adduct (9) is 3t ,7t -dihydro-l,l,3,3-phthalantetracarbonitrile [3041-36-9], C22HgN O. 

The selective epoxidation of ethylene by hydrogen peroxide ia a 1,4-dioxane solvent ia the presence of an arsenic catalyst is claimed. No solvent degradation is observed. Ethylene oxide is the only significant product detected. The catalyst used may be either elemental arsenic, an arsenic compound, or both. 

Ammonia can also react violently with a large selection of chemicals including ethylene oxide, halogens, heavy metals, and oxidants such as chromium trioxide, dichlorine oxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, liquid oxygen, and potassium chlorate. 

A -Piperideine-N-oxide was obtained along with a dimeric product by oxidation of N-hydroxypiperidines with mercuric acetate or potassium ferricyanide (107-109). 2l -Pyrroline-N-oxide is formed by oxidation of N-ethylpyrrolidine with hydrogen peroxide with simultaneous formation of ethylene (110). 

The noncatalytic oxidation of propane in the vapor phase is nonselec-tive and produces a mixture of oxygenated products. Oxidation at temperatures below 400°C produces a mixture of aldehydes (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) and alcohols (methyl and ethyl alcohols). At higher temperatures, propylene and ethylene are obtained in addition to hydrogen peroxide. Due to the nonselectivity of this reaction, separation of the products is complex, and the process is not industrially attractive. 

Treatment of the dione dissolved in ethylene glycol-30% hydrogen peroxide with potassium hydroxide leads to a violently exothermic hydrolysis—A-oxidation reaction [1], Simultaneous addition of peroxide and alkali solutions from separate funnels gives a controllable and higher yielding reaction [2],... 

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