Make-up plant

Most of the molecules that make up plants and animals are chiral, and usually only one form of the chiral molecule occurs in a given species. 

In the chain from soils to plants to humans, inorganic sulfur, or more accurately, the sulfate ion (SO42-), is taken up by plants and converted within the plant to organic compounds (the sulfur amino acids). These amino acids combine with other amino acids to make up plant protein. When the plant is eaten by a human or by livestock animals, die protein is broken down and die amino acids are absorbed from the digestive tract and recombined 111 the proteins of the animal body. The most important feature of sulfur in die food chain is that plants use inorganic sulfur compounds to make sulfur amino acids, whereas animals and humans use the sulfur amino acids for their own processes and excrete inorganic sulfur compounds resulting from the metabolism of the sulfur amino acids. 

Plant cells (and algae), but not animal cells, have cell walls external to the plasma membrane. The cellulose that makes up plant cell walls is a major component of plant material wood, cotton, linen, and most types of paper are mainly cellulose. Also present in plant cells are large central vacuoles, sacs in the cytoplasm surrounded by a single membrane. Although vacuoles sometimes appear in animal cells, those in plants are more prominent. They tend to increase in number and size as the plant cell ages. An important function of vacuoles is to isolate waste substances that are toxic to the plant and are produced in greater amounts than the plant can secrete to the environment. 

Cellulose A linear polysaccharide made up of glucose units but indigestible for humans. Makes up plants cell walls. 

The molecules that make up plants are composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Plants obtain these atoms from chemical reactions in which the reactants are atmospheric carbon dioxide and water from the air or ground. A smaller, but still essential, component of the molecules is nitrogen. Chemistry plays a central role in providing a usable source of nitrogen for agriculture. 

Usually, production quantities are made up automatically. The standard automatic make-up plant will consist of a mixing vessel, into which water is admitted at a constant rate. The solid polymer is metered out from a hygroscopically secure hopper, using a screw feeder, into the incoming stream of make-up water. Some automatic systems use an air blower to convey the polymer, entering the air stream via a venturi, to a mixer, where the water enters with a cyclone action to keep the powder away from the mixer walls. From the mixer the product falls into a stirred ageing vessel. 

To meter the two flows, a flow meter, a variable orifice meter or eddy current or sonic flow meter, for the water is generally used, and a metering pump, generally a progressive cavity pump, is used for the polymer. Unlike for solid polymer make-up. for dispersions the make-up plant is the same basic design for all sizes unless It is to be made up by hand, which is possible for small test runs. 

The major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids pro terns nucleic acids and carbohydrates Carbohydrates are very familiar to us— we call many of them sugars They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running Carbohy drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees Genetic information is stored and transferred by way of nucleic acids specialized derivatives of carbohydrates which we 11 examine m more detail m Chapter 28... 

Essential is also used as the adjective form of the noun essence The mixtures of substances that make up the fragrant material of plants are called essential oils because they contain the essence that is the odor of the plant The study of the composition of essential oils ranks as one of the oldest areas of organic chemical research Very often the principal volatile component of an essential oil belongs to a class of chemical sub stances called the terpenes... 

Polysaccharides are macromolecules which make up a large part of the bulk of the vegetable kingdom. Cellulose and starch are, respectively, the first and second most abundant organic compounds in plants. The former is present in leaves and grasses the latter in fruits, stems, and roots. Because of their abundance in nature and because of contemporary interest in renewable resources, there is a great deal of interest in these compounds. Both cellulose and starch are hydrolyzed by acids to D-glucose, the repeat unit in both polymer chains. 

The Stamicarbon wastewater system consisting of two desorbers, hydrolyzer, hydrolyzer heater, reflux condenser, desorber heat exchanger, and a wastewater cooler is very efficient. Also, in many plants, as the water contains less than 1 ppm of NH and of urea, it can be used as cooling water make-up, or boiler-feed water. 

Cost. The cost of fresh solvent is reflected in the operating costs in the form of solvent make-up charges. Avoidance of solvent losses, and hence a reduction of operating costs, may be obtainable through better plant design which is usually associated with increased capital costs. 

Other DR Processes. The other DR processes, eg, the CODIR, DRC, ACCAR, and Dav Steel processes, make up 4.4% of worldwide production and mosdy consist of coal-based, rotary-kiln processes. Ah of these are similar to the SL/RN process. In addition, one small coal-based, shaft-furnace plant based on the Kinglor-Metor process is operating. 

Raw-material costs are the largest cost items over the lifetime of a plant and typically make up between 40 and 90% of the total manufacturing cost. The placement of plants near production faciHties making alkenes and/or phenol is important to producers of alkylphenols. The raw-material costs are so important that a large fluctuation in a raw material price can drive a product from a reasonably profitable situation to a clearly unprofitable one. 

Dehydration. Use of molecular sieve driers for final clean-up of the carbon oxides and water in the synthesis gas to less than 1 ppm levels has gained prominence in low energy ammonia plant designs. The sieves are usually located at the interstage of the synthesis gas compressor to reduce volume requirements. The purified make-up gas can then be combined with the recycle and routed direcdy to the converter. 

In almost all modem plants, the ammonia is recovered by condensation and at modern synthesis pressures, ammonia is usually the source of refrigeration required. In order to maintain a high partial pressure of reactants, inerts entering with the make-up gas are normally removed using a purge stream. 

Tetraterpenes. Carotenoids make up the most important group of C q terpenes and terpenoids, although not all carotenoids contain 40 carbon atoms. They are widely distributed in plant, marine, and animal life. It has been estimated that nature produces about 100 million t/yr of carotenoids synthetic production amounts to several hundred tons per year (207,208). 

Pieces of coal are mixtures of materials somewhat randomly distributed in differing amounts. The mineral matter can be readily distinguished from the organic, which is itself a mixture. Coal properties reflect the individual constituents and the relative proportions. By analogy to geologic formations, the macerals are the constituents that correspond to minerals that make up individual rocks. For coals, macerals, which tend to be consistent in their properties, represent particular classes of plant parts that have been transformed into coal (40). Most detailed chemical and physical studies of coal have been made on macerals or samples rich in a particular maceral, because maceral separation is time consuming. 

As of 1990, plastics are plated in fewer than 50 U.S. plants. The aimual electroless chemical costs range from 7—10 million for POP, and 5—7 million for REl shielding. Individual plants process from 4.6 x 10 to >1.3 x 10 /yr of plastic surface area. Automotive items make up over 50% of the market on a plated area basis the remainder is hardware, plumbing, electronics shielding, and decorative items. 

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