Animal-derived

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the trade name for the aluminum lake of the red anthraquinone dye carminic acid obtained from the cochineal bug. The dye is obtained from the powdery form of cochineal by extraction with hot water, the extracts treated with aluminum salts, and the dye precipitated from the solution by the addition of ethanol. This water-soluble bright red dye is used for coloring shrimp, pork sausages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is the only animal-derived dye approved as a colorant for foods and other products. 

Plants contain to some extent less bioavailable forms of vitamin B6, e.g., glycosylates, or biologically inactive metabolites, e.g., e-pyridoxin-lysin-complexes. In addition, the release of vitamin B6 from foods rich in fiber is assumed to be delayed. The bioavailability of vitamin B6 from animal-derived foods is therefore overall higher than from plant-derived foods. Good dietary sources of vitamin B6 include chicken, fish, pork, beans, and pulses [1]. 

Flaky piecrusts used to contain lard, or at least butter. Solid fats are important in baking, as they separate sheets of dough into thin, independent flakes. Traditional solid fats are animal-derived saturated fats, such as lard and butter. Some vegetable fats, such as coconut and palm kernel oils, are solid, but they are more expensive than some liquid vegetable oils like corn oil, cottonseed oil, or soybean oil. These oils come from plants that are used for more than just the oil they provide. Using several different parts of the plant makes growing them more economical. 

The protein content of plant foods is most of the time so different from that of animal-derived foods that large amounts of plants will have to be consumed with relatively little effect on consumer 5 N values. For an archaeologically meaningful interpretation of isotopic measurements this weighting problem needs to be considered. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides are generally applied to crops as an early post-emergent herbicide. Crops that are tolerant to these herbicides quickly metabolize them to innocuous compounds. At maturity, residues of the parent compound in food and feed commodities are nondetectable. Metabolites are not considered to be of concern, and their levels are usually nondetectable also. For this reason, the residue definition only includes the parent compound. Tolerances [or maximum residue limits (MRLs)] are based on the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes and usually range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg (ppm) for food items and up to O.lmgkg" for feed items. There is no practical need for residue methods for animal tissues or animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and eggs. Sulfonylurea herbicides are not found in animal feed items, as mentioned above. Furthermore, sulfonylurea herbicides intentionally dosed to rats and goats are mostly excreted in the urine and feces, and the traces that are absorbed are rapidly metabolized to nontoxic compounds. For this reason, no descriptions of methods for animal-derived matrices are given here. 

S.F. Sundlof and J. Cooper, Human health risks associated with drug residues in animal-derived foods, in Veterinary Drug Residues, Food Safety, ed. W.A. Moats and M.B. Medina, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 5-17 (1996). 

A number of thyroid hormone products are marketed in the United States (Table 41-3). These products include synthetic LT4 and T3, combinations of synthetic LT4 and T3, and animal-derived products. Despite the availability of a wide array of thyroid hormone products, it is clear that synthetic LT4 is the treatment of choice for almost all patients with hypothyroidism.12 Using LT4 mimics the normal physiology of the thyroid gland, which secretes mostly T4 as a prohormone. Peripheral tissues convert T4 to 7, as needed, based on metabolic demands. If 7, is used to treat... 

Givens DI (2005) The role of animal nutrition in improving the nutritive value of animal-derived foods in relation to chronic disease . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 64, 395 402. 

Although a high degree of homology is evident between insulins from various species, the same is not true for proinsulins, as the C peptide sequence can vary considerably. This has therapeutic implications, as the presence of proinsulin in animal-derived insulin preparations can potentially elicit an immune response in humans. 

Traditionally, commercial insulin preparations were produced by direct extraction from pancreatic tissue of slaughterhouse pigs and cattle, followed by multistep chromatographic purification. However, the use of animal-derived product had a number of potential disadvantages, including ... 

Immunoglobulins are purified from the serum (or plasma) of human donors by methods similar to those used to purify animal-derived antibodies. In most instances, the immunoglobulin preparations are enriched in antibodies capable of binding to a specific antigen (usually an infectious mi-croorganism/virus). These may be purified from donated blood of individuals who have recently ... 

Excessive doses of thyroid hormone may lead to heart failure, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction. Allergic or idiosyncratic reactions can occur with the natural animal-derived products such as desiccated thyroid and thyroglobulin, but they are extremely rare with the synthetic products used today. Excess exogenous thyroid hormone may reduce bone density and increase the risk of fracture. 

Antimicrobial peptides, 13 252-274 animal-derived, IS 253-254 identification of, 13 253 immune system response and, 13-255-256... 

Human blood or human blood-derived products, including placental blood-derived products, animal-derived procoagulant products and animal- or cell culture-derived hemoglobin-based products intended to act as red blood cell... 

Six protein sources—two plant-derived and four animal-derived—were used in this 2x3 factorial type study (Table I). Diets were formu-... 

A greater effect is apparent in postmenopausal women compared with men. The protein component seems to play a crucial role in the cardio-protective effect of soy. When soy-extracted phytoestrogens are added to animal-derived protein (casein), no effects on lipids are observed (Greaves et al., 1999). It is therefore clear that both the proteins from soy and the phytoestrogens need to be present to have a beneficial effect on lipid. In the presence of soy protein, the lipid-lowering effect is dose dependent on the phytoestrogen present (Crouse et al., 1999). 

Classes 1 and 2 are closely related The reactants available for implantable power, such as blood-borne glucose, lactate, or oxygen, are ambient in that environment. These two classes are distinct, however, in that an ambient-fueled cell need not be implanted and utilizes plant- or waste-derived fuels, whereas the implantable cell utilizes animal-derived fuels. Class 3 is unique because it competes with well-established conventional fuel cell technology. 

The development of multiclass methods for the detection of antibacterials and coccidiostats in food samples has shown a growing interest during the last years since the regulations concerning the presence of such chemicals in animal-derived foodstuffs is becoming more and more stringent. The challenges that these types of analyses pose to the analysts mainly have to do with the complexity of the matrix and the different physicochemical properties of the antibacterial families. Therefore, very often, a purification and preconcentration step is required prior to analysis in order to minimize matrix effects and reach the desired sensitivities [192, 193]. 

Table 5. Animal-derived natural product-based drug candidates under clinical evaluation... 

The Food Drug Administration has the responsibility for the premarket clearance of all animal drugs. The 1958 food additive amendment to the Federal Food, Drug Cosmetic Act requires sponsors to demonstrate the safety of their products. The Kefauver-Harris amendment of 1962 requires the sponsors to demonstrate, in addition to safety, the efficacy of their drugs. Safety implies safety to the animal as well as to the consumers of animal products. The role of the Center for Veterinary Medicine in the premarket approval process is to establish conditions of drug use and to establish the allowable tolerances for drug residues in animal-derived food products. 

The two major questions concerning the use of antibiotics in agriculture are the safety of the residues in the animal-derived food and the antibiotic resistance that may develop from the use of these drugs in animals. I will not talk about antibiotic resistance as Mr. Frappaolo discusses this issue in a separate paper. The residue issue can be further divided into the toxicity and the allergic reaction to the drug residues. There is sufficient concern for the allergic reaction to penicillin that its tolerance is based upon this concern however, the rest of the antibiotics have tolerances based on toxicity other than the allergic reaction. 

Devices incorporating animal-derived tissues, radioactive materials, in vitro diagnostics and devices manufactured in other countries, such as the United States (even those devices that have CE marking) are excluded. 

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