Refined palm kernel oil

Crude palm oil used to be the main form of export in the past. With the establishment of refineries especially in Malaysia during the mid-1970s and 1980s, refined palm oil products have replaced the crude as the main form of palm oil export. A wide range of processed or semiprocessed products are exported, and these include the different fractions of processed pahn oil known as palm olein (liquid) and palm stearin (solid). The availability of refineries also led to the production of specialty fats products aimed at the confectionery markets. A similar trend has been seen in the export of pahn kernel oil. Palm kernel oil is a coproduct to palm oil produced at a ratio of 10-13 tons of palm kernel oil for every 100 tons of palm oil. Even the export of refined palm kernel oil has begun to decline as more is being used locally by the oleochemical industry that has been estabhshed in recent years. 

Crude and refined palm oils, refined palm kernel oil, and refined palm stearin of iodine value (IV) 35 and 41 are commercial samples obtained from various refineries around the Klang Valley region and used without any treatment. 

Table 3 shows the crystal polymorphic form and Avrami exponent observed for crude and refined palm oil and refined palm kernel oil at the isothermal ciystal-lization temperature indicated. An Avrami exponent of three was observed for all the temperatures for the three types of oil even though the crystal may be in different polymorphic form as in the case of crude and refined palm oils. 

Fig. 3. Avrami equation plots for refined palm kernel oil (PKO) under isothermal crystallization. See Figure 1 for other abbreviation.

Crude/palm oil Refined (RBD) palm oil Refined palm kernel oil ... 

Kem-obst, n. stone fruit, pip fruit. -31, n. kernel oil, specif, palm kernel oil Founding) core oil. -physik, /. nuclear physics, -polymeric, /. nuclear polymerism. -probe, /. core sample, -pulver, n. progressive burning powder, -pimkt, m. nucleus essential point, -riicldeinen, n. Metal.) core refining, -saft, m. Biol.) nuclear fluid, -salz, n. rock salt. 

Tocopherols (and tocotrienols) in an oil can also be useful, though the absolute, and in some cases the relative, levels of each can be affected by age and refining. These are usually determined by HPLC. The tocotrienols are of particular importance, as they are present in significant amounts only in corn, grapeseed, palm and palm kernel oils. The presence of y-tocopherol in an oil that is not expected to contain significant levels, or else the presence of it in excess to that expected, would indicate that another oil is present, and the most likely suspect oil would be soyabean. The tocopherol profile is, however, usually only of use as confirmation, together with other analyses. 

Palm Kernel Oil (Unhydrogenated) is a fat obtained from the kernel of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Fam. Arecaceae) by mechanical expression or solvent extraction. It is refined, bleached, and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids, phospholipids, color, odor and flavor components, and miscellaneous other non-oil materials. Like coconut oil, it has a more abrupt melting range than other fats and oils. 

Refining of Other Palm Products. Beside crude palm oil, crude palm olein, crude palm stearin, cmde kernel oil, crude palm kernel olein, and crude palm kernel stearin can also be refined by either chemical or physical processes described before. The basic unit operations and processing conditions for crude palm olein and stearin are similar to those of palm oil. However, in refining palm kernel products, due to the virtual absence of carotenoids, the earth dosage required in the bleaching stage is lower, usually less than 1.0%. Furthermore, due to the presence of shorter chain (C8-C14) fatty acids, the deodorization temperature required is about 230-250°C. Typical achievable quality of RBD/NBD palm kernel oil is given in Table 34. 

Physical refining process is fairly simple and is environmentally friendly and more economical for palm oil, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil. The process may not remove the trace impurities if the bleaching step is not done properly. 

Timms (21) has heat of fusion to 17.7-22.3 kcal/kg for milkfat, 24-31 kcal/kg for fully hardened milkfat, 26-29 kcal/kg for cocoa butter in the p polymorph, 22.6 kcal/kg for refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm oil, 29.7 kcal/kg for RBD palm kernel oil, 26.0 kcal/kg for RBD coconut oil, 31.6 kcal/kg for fully hardened palm kernel oil, and 31.2 kcal/kg for fully hardened coconut oil. The heat of fusion is an empirical physical property dependent on the thermal history or tempering of the oil. 

Avrami Exponents and Polymorphic Forms of Crude and Refined Palm Oil and Refined Palm Kernel OiF... 

In the amidoamine formation, 3-aminopropyldi-methylamine (DMAPA) is reacted with a fatty acid derivative. This may either be the fatty acid or its methyl or glycerin ester. In the latter case, this means a natural oil is used. To produce cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) the raw materials of choice are refined coconut or palm kernel oil, either in their unhydrogenated or hydrogenated forms. A typical fatty acid composition for cocamidopropyl betaine is given in Table 15.2. 

Starting materials for manufacturing are - fats and oils mainly ->tallow and - coconut oil. - Lard and - palm oil are substitutes for tallow, while - palm kernel oil is sometimes used instead of coconut oil. Foots , i.e., the crude soaps obtained from refining edible oils, can be used also to a limited extent (- fatty acids, - fats and oils). Normally, mixtures of 80% tallow and 20% coconut oil (imparts foaming) are used, which are refined, bleached or hydrogenated prior to - saponification. 

Palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel oil 232-427-5 Castoreum 232-428-0 Avocado ON CLR Avocado (Persea gratissima) oil Cropure Avocado Lipovol A Natoil AVO Nikkol Avocado Oil Phytol AVO Super Refined Avocado Tri-OI AVO 232-430-1 Anatol... 

Crude oils may be up to 15% FFA, while refined oils will be <0.1%. Measurement of FFA is normally done by titration of an ether-ethanol solution of the fat with standardized aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide, in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator (see ISO 660 1983). This method is very accurate, using the molecular weight of oleic acid (282) for all calculations. Accuracy is improved by using the average molecular mass of the fatty acids in the fat, calculated from the FA composition (e.g., for palm oil 256 is used, for palm kernel/coconut oil 200 is used). The results are expressed either as acid value the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize 1 g of the fat, or, FFA% the percentage concentration of oleic acid equivalent to the free acids present. 

Basic raw-material processors extract and refine crude oil into petrochemicals such as petroleum oil distillates including paraffins, benzene, and other basic aromatics and extract and convert natural gas into ethylene and propylene. Processors of oleochemicals extract and purify seed oils from palm, soybean, sunflower seed, palm kernel, and coconut, and render animal fats such as tallow to provide triglyceride oils with varying chain distributions. 

The potential use of electronic nose in detecting adulteration in virgin coconut oil was studied by Marina et al., 2010. An electronic nose (zNose ) was applied to the detection of adulteration of virgin coconut oil. The system is based on a surface acoustic wave sensor. Virgin coconut oil was mixed with refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel olein at a level of adulteration fi-om 1 to 20% (weight/weight). 

---