Alcohol range

Amination. Isopropyl alcohol can be aminated by either ammonolysis ia the presence of dehydration catalysts or reductive ammonolysis usiag hydrogeaatioa catalysts. Either method produces two amines isopropylamine [75-31-0] and diisopropylamine [108-18-9]. Virtually no trisubstituted amine, ie, triisopropyl amine [122-20-3], is produced. The ratio of mono- to diisopropylamine produced depends on the molar ratio of isopropyl alcohol and ammonia [7664-41-7] employed. Molar ratios of ammonia and hydrogen to alcohol range from 2 1—5 1 (35,36). 

Use of isopropyl alcohol in industrial appHcations does not present a health hazard. The alcohol produces anesthetic effects in high vapor concentration. Consequently, the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) and the ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV) have been estabUshed at 400 ppm (0.098 mg/L) for an 8-h exposure (TWA) (138). This level causes a mild irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat (139). However, the TLV level does not produce symptoms of anesthesia (140). The OSHA and ACGIH short-term exposure limits (STELs) are 500 ppm. The odor threshold for isopropyl alcohol ranges from 3 to 200 ppm, which is the minimum concentration having identifiable odor (141). 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

Properties of EthanolIc Fructose Solutions. Published information on the properties of aqueous ethanolic fructose solution is very limited. As a result, solubility data from 25 to 60 °C was measured (Figure 1) and will be published separately. The equilibrium fructose/water mass ratio for zero alcohol, ranges from over 4 at 25 C to over 8 at 60 C (7,8). It can be seen that reasonable yields will only result with high alcohol additions (E/W at least 2). This is the range used in this study. Aqueous ethanolic solutions have a wide range of viscosities. These were measured at operating conditions using a Rheomat concentric cylinder viscometer. 

Reaction stoichiometry and mechanism. This process, which selectively produces linear alcohols ranging fhom to about C ,is based on the chemical reactions of Table IT. Main reactions (fa,b) produce alcohols and their related unavoidable by-products, CO and H O, the former being favored at low H /CO ratios due to side or consecutive shift reaction (c). Secondary reactions produce light hydrocarbons (d,e). The reactions stoichiometry (H /CO) varies between 0.6 and 3, depending on the nature of the products and the number of carbon atoms involved. Most of these reactions are strongly exothermic. 

The formation of higher alcohols is associated in part with amino acids (90). Higher alcohols or fusel oils may occur as taste components in wines. Taste thresholds of isoamyl alcohol ranged from 100 to 900 ppm (average 300 ppm) in dry white wines for seven panelists (91). 

Varma41 was the first to explore the application of microwave irradiation to a crossed Cannizzaro reaction (Scheme 4.21). A mixture of the aldehyde with 2 equiv. of paraformaldehyde and 2 equiv. of Ba(OH)2 8H20 was irradiated in a domestic microwave oven for 0.25-2 min at 900 W. Yields of the alcohols ranged from 80 to 99%, whereas the production of the corresponding carboxylic acid as the by-product could be suppressed to 1-20%. Under thermal conditions in an oil bath at 100-110°C, similar results were obtained although longer reaction times were required. The same reactions attempted with calcium hydroxide failed to provide the Cannizzaro products41. 

A series of polyhydric alcohols, ranging from ethylene glycol to hexitols was examined, at 20° and in the presence of a large excess of lead tetraacetate, by Hockett and coworkers.44 The compounds yielded a family of oxidation-rate curves in which the position of a curve was a function of the number of free carbinol groups in an unbroken series, but there was no simple stoichiometric relation between the number of alcohol groups and the amount of oxidant consumed. At least part of this complexity appeared to be caused by simultaneous oxidation of the formic acid produced in the reaction. The formic acid was converted smoothly to carbon dioxide in about quantitative yield when water was added to the acetic acid solution and the reaction temperature was raised45 - 48 to 35-45°. However, other... 

The preceding equation is valid for aliphatic alcohols ranging from propanol to decanol. For example, at 25 °C, the association equilibrium constants are 104.6,94.2,86.4, and 80.4, respectively, for butanol, pentanol, hexanol, and heptanol. 

In 1993, Bolm reported that these reactions could be performed using catalytic quantities (10 mol%) of the chiral P-hydroxy sulfoximine.132 The enantiomeric purities of the product alcohols ranged from 52% (1-indanone) to 93% (PhCOCHjOSiRj). In many cases the enantiomeric purities were enhanced using sodium borohydride as reductant in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane.133 These methods have been extended to the asymmetric reductions of imines.134 /V-SPh-substituted imines gave the highest enantioselectivities and these reductions proceeded in the same stereochemical sense as the reductions of ketones. 

The acylation of ammonia or primary and secondary amines by chloro-formic esters (chlorocarbonates) is the most general method for the synthesis of urethanes. Chlotoformates are obtained by the action of phosgene on alcohols (method 289) and, without purification, are converted to carbamates by cold concentrated ammonium hydroxide. Over-all yields from primary and secondary alcohols range from 55% to 94%. N-sub-stituted carbamates result in similar yields when primary" or secondary" amines are substituted from ammonia in the reaction. Aqueous sodium hydroxide is sometimes used to neutralize the acid formed. ... 

The polyhydric alcohols, ranging from glycerol to the hexitols (XVII), can also be oxidized, the products including both aldoses and ketoses. As the reaction mixtures are generally resolved as the phenylosazones, only a limited distinction between the products results. In the case of glycerol, n,L-glyceric acid and degradation products are also formed. 

A number of other chiral ligands are available, but have been studied much less extensively. Hie chiral diamines (106) and (107) are reported to mediate the reactions between aryl Grignards and aldehydes (Bgure 22 equation 26). Hie alcohols range in optical purity from 40 to 75% ee selectivities increase with the bulkiness of the aldehyde substituent (see Table 28). Hie use of an aiyloxy metal halide to complex the aldehyde moiety enhances the observed enantioselectivities. °... 

The organic portion, R, in the xanthate is generally obtained from alcohols ranging from ethyl to amyl (C2H5OH to C Hj OH). 

Solvent effects have also been reported for the polymerization of pyrrole using FeCl3 as oxidant.77 The conductivities of the PPy products prepared in water and alcohols ranging from MeOH to octanol were considerably higher than for the polymers prepared under the same conditions in acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and benzene. 

Two processes have been commerdalized on the basis of the oligomerization of ethylene, one by Conoco Chemical and the second by Ethyl Corporation. They differ in the distribution curve of the different alcohols formed. Whereas Conoco s Alfol alcohols range from C2 to C22 with about 55 per cent C12 or above (Fig. 9.S), the alcohol distribution of the Ethyl process is narrower and comprises 85 par cent C 2 - Tins change in the distribution curve results from the insertion of an additional stage of transalkylation by triisobutyUluminum. 

H.A-1, hydroxyacetaldehyde (glycolaldehyde), which is both an alcohol and aldehyde. The saturated aliphatic alcohols range from methanol to 1-triacontanol with alkyl homologs inclnded in some cases, for example, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-... 

Sucker growth inhibitors Representative sucker growth inhibitors or suckering agents include maleic hydrazide, currently used as an alkali metal salt, and the normal, even-numbered carbon chain saturated alcohols, ranging in carbon chain length from (Q) 1-hexanol through C,2 (1-dodecanol) (4332). 

The alcohol with which most people commonly come into contact is ethyl alcohol mixed with water in alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, gin, vodka, rum, or bourbon. In such beverages, the concentration of ethyl alcohol ranges from a few percent to 50 percent. 

Esters of acrylic acid and methaciylic acid prepared from alcohols ranging from methanol to octanol are sufficiently water soluble to be used in onulsion polymerization. Because these monomers and styrene are low-viscosity liquids with reasonably high boiling points, they are conveniently handled on an industrial scale. In most cases, the monomeas are mixed with wata and surfactant to form a pre-emulsion which is then fed into the reactor where the polymeiizaticm is run, typically at atmospheric pressure using temperatures between 60 and 90 C, and at a pH between approximately 3 and 9. At greater extremes of pH, actylic monomers, and especially MA and EA, are subject to hydrolysis. The polymers, however, are usually quite stable to acidic and basic conditions. 

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