Stone fruit

Peaches and nectarines are members of the same species (Prunus persica). There is controversy over whether nectarine is a separate and distinct fruit or merely a variety of peach [68]. Nectarines lack skin fuzz or pubescence. Approximately 100 volatile compounds have been identified in peaches and nectarines, including alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, esters, ketones, lactones and terpenes [14, 15, 17, 64, 65, 68-71]. Among them, lactones, particularly y-decalactone and d-decalactone, have been reported as character-impact compounds in peaches and nectarines where they process a strong peach-like aroma [66]. Lactones act in association with Ce aldehydes, aliphatic alcohols and terpenes (Table 7.2, 

Key flavour Peach Nectarine P. persica Apricot Plum Sweet cherry Sour cherry 

Key flavour compounds Peach P. persica) Nectarine P. persica var. nucipersica) Apricot P. armeniaca) Plum P. domestica) Sweet cherry P. avium) Sour cherry (P cerasus) 

which are responsible for a spicy, floral and fruity characteristic of stone fruits [17, 64, 71, 72]. Ca compounds are the major volatiles in immature, green fruits but the levels of these compounds decrease drastically during maturation, and lactones (lactonic note), aldehydes (benzaldehyde with an almond, nutty and stone fruit note), terpenes (linalool with a floral note) and esters become prominent [14,15, 65, 66, 68, 70]. 

Approximately 75 volatile compounds have been identified in juices prepared from plums Prunus domestica) [35]. Lactones from Ce to C12 are the major class of compound in plums [78]. The distribution of plum lactones differs from that found in peaches in that the C12 y-lactones are found in higher concentrations than the corresponding Cio y-lactones and d-decalactone (Fig. 7.2) [78]. GC sniffing has uncovered benzaldehyde, linalool, ethyl nonanoate, methyl cin-namate, y-decalactone and d-decalactone as volatile compounds contributing to plum juice aroma (Table 7.2, Figs. 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5) [35]. 

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Kem-obst, n. stone fruit, pip fruit. -31, n. kernel oil, specif, palm kernel oil Founding) core oil. -physik, /. nuclear physics, -polymeric, /. nuclear polymerism. -probe, /. core sample, -pulver, n. progressive burning powder, -pimkt, m. nucleus essential point, -riicldeinen, n. Metal.) core refining, -saft, m. Biol.) nuclear fluid, -salz, n. rock salt. 

Stein-korper, m. stony body, (Bot.) stone cell or cell cluster- -kraut, n. stonecrop (Sedum), also various other plants, -lager, n. jeweled bearing, -malz, n. glassy or vitreous malt, -mark, n. (Min.) lithomarge. -mauer, /, stone wall brick wall, -mehl, n. stone powder, -meissel, m. stone chisel, -metz, m. stonemason, -mortel, hard mortar concrete (Portland) cement badigeon, -nuss, /. ivory nut- -obst, n, stone fruit, -til, n, petroleum. 

One of the economically most important areas in the control of plant processes is defoliation—the intentional removal of leaves. Large quantities of several chemicals currently are employed for this purpose, including magnesium chlorate and DEF (S,SyS-tributyl phosphor otrithioate), and the principal commercial value is for defoliation of cotton. Several synthetics such as 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and naphthalene-1-acetic acid are used to provide the opposite but related effect of retarding or limiting fruit drop in apples, stone fruits, and grapes. 

Use pattern Tebuconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide which provides protective and, in some cases, curative activity on a wide variety of crops including cereal grains, peanuts, grapes, bananas, pome fruit, stone fruit, nuts, and vegetables... 

Use pattern Hexythiazox is a thiazolidinone acaricide which has ovicidal, larvicidal and nymphicidal activities against many kinds of phytophagous mites infesting pome fruits, stone fruits, citrus, vegetables and other food crops. On these mites, hexythiazox works by both contact and stomach action... 

Cabbage, cantaloupe, cauliflower, citrus fruit, cottonseed, cucumber, mustard greens, nutmeats, pome fruit, stone fruit, summer squash, tomatoes, soil, and water Gas chromatograph with nitrogen-phosphorus detector... 

Stone Fruit Types. Very preliminary studies of DDT or parathion penetration into peach fruits were completed. The pulp samples were prepared by immersing the intact fruits in boiling water for 1 minute, slipping the skins off, rinsing thoroughly with water and removing the seeds. 

Pome and Stone Fruits. Following the application of DDT and of parathion as wettable powders in control schedules, neither compound has been recovered from the pulp portions of apples, pears, and peaches. A maximum of six spray applications of DDT wettable powder and four spray applications of parathion wettable powder were involved in these studies. As high as 0.4 p.p.m. of DDT and 1.7 p.p.m. of DDT were found in the pulp of apple and pear fruits, respectively, following seasonal treatments with five to six applications of DDT formulated in a petroleum oil fraction. 

Pruning of pome fruit crops will lead to DFR levels comparable to those for stone fruit crops therefore, a common database for both crop groups (for tree fruits) should be compiled. Further generic sets may be developed for fruit vegetables, grapes, and ornamentals. 

Microbial Bacillus subtilus Rhapsody, Serenade Downy mildew, bean rust, certain rots Stone fruit, cucumbers, tomatoes Fungicide... 

Gut, D. and Weibel, F.P. (2005). Integrated and organic weed control in pome and stone fruit , in Tromp J., Webster A.D. and Wertheim S J. Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 372-377. 

Target species Stone fruit including peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums, and almonds. 

Human foods that are particularly rich in copper (20 to 400 mg Cu/kg) include oysters, crustaceans, beef and lamb livers, nuts, dried legumes, dried vine and stone fruits, and cocoa (USEPA 1980). In humans, copper is present in every tissue analyzed (Schroeder et al. 1966). A 70-kg human male usually contains 70 to 120 mg of copper (USEPA 1980). The brain cortex usually contains 18% of the total copper, liver 15%, muscle 33%, and the remainder in other tissues — especially the iris and choroid of the eye. Brain gray matter (cortex) has significantly more copper than white matter (cerebellum) copper tends to increase with increasing age in both cortex and cerebellum. In newborns, liver and spleen contain about 50% of the total body burden of copper (USEPA 1980). Liver copper concentrations were usually elevated in people from areas with soft water (Schroeder et al. 1966). Elevated copper concentrations in human livers are also associated with hepatic disease, tuberculosis, hypertension, pneumonia, senile dementia, rheumatic heart disease, and certain types of cancer (Schroeder et al. 1966). 

Over 2,650 plant species can produce hydrogen cyanide (Seigler 1991 Swain et al. 1992). These include edible plants such as almonds, pits from stone fruits (e.g., apricots, peaches, plums, cherries), sorghum, cassava, soybeans, spinach, lima beans, sweet potatoes, maize, millet, sugarcane, and bamboo shoots (Fiksel et al. 1981). The cyanogenic glycoside content of a foodstuff is usually expressed as the amount of cyanide released by acid hydrolysis glycoside concentrations are rarely reported (WHO 1992). 

Stadelmann W. 1976. Content of hydrocyanic acid in stone fruit juices. Fluess Obst 43 45-47. 

Susceptible plants A wide range of woody plants are vulnerable. Some of the most susceptible trees include stone fruits (such as peaches and plums), apples, pears, spruces, maples, poplars, and willows. 

On stone fruits, it is particularly important to avoid winter damage, which can be caused by fertilizing the trees late in the season. 

Table 7.2 Key flavour compounds in stone fruits (Prunus spp.)... 

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