Typical formulations

42% increase in melt flow index over control (no plasticizer). 

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The bulk physical properties of the polymers of the 2-cyanoacryhc esters appear in Table 2. AH of these polymers are soluble in /V-methy1pyrro1idinone, /V,/V-dimethy1foTm amide, and nitromethane. The adhesive bonding properties of typical formulated adhesives are Hsted in Table 3. 

Phenolic Resins. Phenohc resins (qv) are formed by the reaction of phenol [108-95-2] C H O, and formaldehyde [50-00-0] CH2O. If basic conditions and an excess of formaldehyde are used, the result is a resole phenohc resin, which will cure by itself Hberating water. If an acid catalyst and an excess of phenol are used, the result is a novolac phenohc resin, which is not self-curing. Novolac phenohc resins are typically formulated to contain a curing agent which is most often a material known as hexamethylenetetraamine [100-97-0] C H22N4. Phenohc resin adhesives are found in film or solution... 

Anaerobic stmctural adhesives are typically formulated from acryhc monomers such as methyl methacrylate [80-62-6] C Hg02, and methacrylic acid [79-41-4] (see Acrylic ester polymers). Very often, cross-linking agents such as dimethacrylates are also added. A peroxide, such as cumene... 

Olefin Polymers. The flame resistance of polyethylene can be increased by the addition of either a halogen synergist system or hydrated fillers. Similar flame-retarder packages are used for polypropylene (see Olefin polymers). Typical formulations of the halogen synergist type are shown in Table 15 the fiUer-type formulations are in Table 16. 

THPC—Amide—PoIy(vinyI bromide) Finish. A flame retardant based on THPC—amide plus poly(vinyl bromide) [25951-54-6] (143) has been reported suitable for use on 35/65, and perhaps on 50/50, polyester—cotton blends. It is appUed by the pad-dry-cure process, with curing at 150°C for about 3 min. A typical formulation contains 20% THPC, 3% disodium hydrogen phosphate, 6% urea, 3% trimethylolglycouril [496-46-8] and 12% poly(vinyl bromide) soUds. Approximately 20% add-on is required to impart flame retardancy to a 168 g/m 35/65 polyester—cotton fabric. Treated fabrics passed the FF 3-71 test. However, as far as can be determined, poly(vinyl bromide) is no longer commercially available. 

In C- and T-type gravure systems where oxygenated and aromatic solvents are used, the Radiant P-1700 Series and Day-Glo GT and STX pigments are recommended. A typical formulation for an A-type gravure ink is 30% Acryloid NAD-10 (Rohm Haas), 50% fluorescent pigment, 5% toluene, and 15% heptane (as thinner). 

Waterborne contact adhesives contain an elastomer in latex form, usually an acryflc or neoprene-based latex, and a heat-reactive, cross-linkable phenohc resin in the form of an aqueous dispersion. The phenoHc resin improves metal adhesion, green strength, and peel strength at elevated temperature. A typical formulation contains three parts latex and one part phenohc dispersion (dry weight bases). Although metal oxides may be added, reaction of the oxide with the phenohc resin does not occur readily. 

Formulation. Polysulftde-based sealants are formulated with appropriate ingredients to obtain the desired properties for a particular appHcation. A typical formulation contains Hquid polysulftde polymer, curing agent, cure accelerators (bases) or retarders (acids), fillers, plasticizers, thixotropes, and adhesion promoters. 

The moisture-reactive cross-linkers used in sihcones are of the form R Si(OR )4 where n = 0 or 1 and R may be any organic group, such as methyl, ethyl, or vinyl. R also varies acetoxy, alkoxy, oxime, and propenoxy are among the most typical. Common cross-linkers are hsted in Table 1, and a typical formulation for a one-part sihcone sealant is given in Table 2. 

U.S. definitions and standards for chocolate are quite specific (19). Sweet chocolate must contain at least 15% chocolate Hquor by weight and must be sweetened with sucrose or mixtures of sucrose, dextrose, and com symp soflds ia specific ratios. Semisweet chocolate and bittersweet chocolate, though often referred to as sweet chocolate, must contain a minimum of 35% chocolate Hquor. The three products, sweet chocolate, semisweet chocolate, and bittersweet chocolate, are often simply called chocolate or dark chocolate to distinguish them from milk chocolate. Table 6 gives some typical formulations for sweet chocolates (5). 

Table 6. Typical Formulations for Sweet (Dark) Chocolates...

The most popular chocolate in the United States is milk chocolate. The U.S. Chocolate Standards state that milk chocolate shall contain no less than 3.66 wt % of milk fat and not less than 12 wt % of milk soHds. In addition, the ratio of nonfat milk soHds to milk fat must not exceed 2.43 1 and the chocolate Hquor content must not be less than 10% by weight. Some typical formulations of milk chocolate and some compositional values are shown in Table 7 (5). 

CDU has very limited use in the United States. It is used primarily in Japan and Europe where it is produced. It serves the turf and specialty agriculture markets and is typically formulated into granulated N—P—K fertilizers. 

Isolated soy proteins have also been used in whipped toppings. Soy-protein-based toppings have a lower protein concentration than caseinate-based toppings. Formulations ate adjusted to protein levels, and higher protein levels can result in off-flavors. Typical formulations for a Hquid frozen, prewhipped product are given in Table 18. 

Extruded Articles. In extmded article compounding, the most important parameters are scorch safety and flow characteristics (53). The bisphenol cure system again offers the best scorch resistance of the available fluorocarbon elastomer cure systems. Good flow characteristics can be achieved through proper selection of gum viscosities. Also, the addition of process aids to the formulation can enhance the flow characteristics. Typical formulations for extmsion grade fluorocarbon elastomers are given iu Table 7. 

Internal mixing is widely used with fluorocarbon elastomers. Gumstocks and compounds that are particularly successful fall in the viscosity ranges discussed earlier, and use both incorporated bisphenol-type and peroxide cure systems. A typical internal mix cycle mns 6—8 min with a drop temperature of 90—120°C. The typical formulations in Tables 4 and 7 are readily mixed in an internal mixer. 

The one-shot polyethers now form the bulk of the flexible polyurethane foam now being manufactured. This is a result of the favourable economics of polyethers, particularly when reacted in a one-shot process, and because the polyethers generally produce foams of better cushioning characteristics. A typical formulation for producing a one-shot polyether foam will comprise... 

Typical formulation of a pressure-sensitive rubber adhesive... 

Typical formulation of hot-melt rubber adhesive Thermoplastic elastomer 100 phr... 

Formulation of a solvent-borne CR. A typical formulation of a solvent-borne CR adhesive may include the following components (fillers are not commonly added and curing agents are added to improve heat resistance) (1) polychloroprene elastomer (2) metal oxides (3) resins (4) antioxidants (5) solvents (6) fillers (7) curing agents (8) other modifiers. 

Seawater muds are composed of bentonite, thinner (lignosulfonate or lignosulfonate and lignite), and an organic filtration control agent. The typical formulation of a seawater mud is 3.5 Ib/bbl of alkali (2 Ib/bbl caustic soda and 1.5 Ib/bbl lime), 8 to 12 Ib/bbl of lignosulfonate, and 2 to 4 Ib/bbl of bentonite to maintain viscosity and filtration. Another approach is to use bentonite/thinner (ligno-sulfonate)/freshwater premix, and mix it with seawater that has been treated for hardness. This technique will be discussed in the saturated saltwater muds section. 

A typical formulation of a brine-polymer completion fluid might include 8.5 to 11 Ib/gal salt water solution (NaCl, CaCl, KCI, or a mixture), 0.25 to 1.0 Ib/bbl polymer and 5 to 15% calcium carbonate. 

Marine diesels Again a wide number of formulations are in use. The inhibitors commonly employed include nitrites, borates and phosphates. Typical formulations include a 1 1 nitrite borax mixture at 1250-2000 p.p.m. and pH 8-5-9-0 and 1250-2 000 p.p.m. of nitrite with addition of tri-sodium phosphate to give phenolphthalein alkalinity. 

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