Other Adverse Reactions

The neuroleptics can produce a variety of other symptoms of central nervous system dysfunction, including abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) findings, an increased frequency of seizures, respiratory depression, and disturbances of body temperature control (Davis, 1980 Davis et al., 1975). Endocrine disorders, especially in females, may also be of central 

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Nail hardeners have been based on various proteia cross-linking agents. Only formaldehyde is widely used commercially. Contact with skin and inhalation must be avoided to preclude sensiti2ation and other adverse reactions. The popularity of products of this type is decreasiag because the polymers used ia nail elongators can be used to coat nails to iacrease the mechanical strength. 

Other adverse reactions that may occur during therapy include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chills, fever, and stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth). In some instances, these may be mild. Other times they may cause serious problems requiring discontinuation of the drug. Sulfasalazine may cause the urine and skin to be an orange-yellow color this is not abnormal. 

Other adverse reactions associated with penicillin are hematopoietic changes such as anemia, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), leukopenia (low white blood cell count), and bone marrow depression. When penicillin is given orally, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), stomatitis (inflammation of die mouth), dry mouth, gastritis, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain occur. When penicillin is given intramuscularly (IM), there may be pain at die injection site Irritation of the vein and phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) may occur witii intravenous (IV) administration. 

Other adverse reactions that may be seen with administration of the cephalosporins are headache, dizziness, nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys by a toxic substance), malaise, heartburn, and fever. Intramuscular (IM) administration often results in pain, tenderness, and inflammation at the injection site Intravenous (IV) administration has resulted in thrombophlebitis and phlebitis. 

More than half of the patients receiving this drug by the parenteral route experience some adverse reaction. Severe and sometimes life-threatening reactions include leukopenia (low white blood cell count), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and hypotension (low blood pressure). Moderate or less severe reactions include changes in some laboratory tests, such as the serum creatinine and liver function tests. Other adverse reactions include anxiety, headache, hypotension, chills, nausea, and anorexia Aerosol administration may result in fatigue a metallic taste in the mouth, shortness of breath, and anorexia... 

Optic neuritis (a decrease in visual acuity and changes in color perception), which appears to be related to the dose given and die duration of treatment, has occurred in some patients receiving ethambutol. Usually, tiiis adverse reaction disappears when the drug is discontinued. Other adverse reactions are dermatitis, pruritus, anaphylactoid reactions (unusual or exaggerated allergic reactions), joint pain, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. 

Administration of miconazole for a vulvovaginal fungal infection may cause irritation, sensitization, or vulvo-vaginal burning. Skin irritation may result in redness, itching, burning, or skin fissures. Other adverse reactions with miconazole include cramping, nausea, and headache Adverse reactions associated with topical use are usually not severe. 

The use of quinine can cause cinchonism at full therapeutic doses. Cinchonism is a group of symptoms associated with quinine, including tinnitus, dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and visual disturbances. These symptoms usually disappear when the dosage is reduced. Other adverse reactions include hematologic changes, vertigo, and skin rash. 

Monitoring and Managing Adverse Reactions The nurse monitors for adverse reactions associated with die antimalarial drag s, such as dizziness, hypotension, and visual disturbances. Other adverse reactions are listed in die Summary Drug Table Antimalarial Drugp. 

Administration of a narcotic agonist-antagonist may result in symptoms of narcotic witiidrawal in those addicted to narcotics. Other adverse reactions associated widi die administration of a narcotic agonist-antagonist... 

Other adverse reactions tiiat may be seen with die administration of a cholinergic blocking drug include ... 

Adverse reactions associated with administration of the miscellaneous sedatives and hypnotics vary depending on the drug used. Common adverse reactions include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and nausea Other adverse reactions that may be seen with the administration of miscellaneous sedatives and hypnotics are listed in the Summary Drug Table Miscellaneous Sedatives and Hypnotics. 

The adverse reactions associated with the administration of doxapram include excessive CNS stimulation, symptoms of which may include headache, dizziness, apprehension, disorientation, and hyperactivity. Other adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, cough,... 

Frequently seen adverse reactions to dragp with anticholinergic activity include dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, mild nausea, and nervousness. These may become less pronounced as therapy progresses. Other adverse reactions may include skin rash, urticaria (hives), urinary retention, dysuria, tachycardia, muscle weakness, disorientation, and confusion. If any of these reactions are severe, the drug may be discontinued for several days and restarted at a lower dosage, or a different antiparkinsonism drag may be prescribed. 

The adverse reactions most often associated with the administration of the COMT inhibitors include disorientation, confusion, light-headedness, dizziness, dyskinesias, hyperkinesias, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and fever. Other adverse reactions are orthostatic hypotension, sleep disorders, excessive dreaming, somnolence, and muscle cramps. A serious and possibly fatal adverse reaction that can occur with the administration of tolcapone is liver failure... 

The principal adverse reaction associated with warfarin is bleeding, which may range from very mild to severe. Bleeding may be seen in many areas of the body, such as the bladder, bowel, stomach, uterus, and mucous membranes. Other adverse reactions are rare but may include nausea, vomiting, alopecia (loss of hair), urticaria (severe skin rash), abdominal cramping, diarrhea, rash, hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), and blood dyscrasias (disorders). 

Other adverse reactions include local irritation when heparin is given via the SC route. Hypersensitivity reactions may also occur with any route of administration and include fever, chills, and urticaria. More serious hypersensitivity reactions include an astiima-like reaction and an anaphylactoid reaction. 

Mild diarrhea and itching have been reported with the administration of vitamin B12. Other adverse reactions that may be seen include a marked increase in RBC production, acne, peripheral vascular thrombosis, congestive heart failure, and pulmonary edema... 

Other adverse reactions include vaginitis, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, leukorrhea, sinusitis, weight gain, and nausea. 

Some adverse reactions are desirable, for example, the depressing effect of certain antineoplastic drugs on the bone marrow because this adverse drag reaction is essential in the treatment of the leukemias. Other adverse reactions are not desirable, for example, severe vomiting or diarrhea. 

NSAIDs can induce a number of other adverse reactions, including bleeding disorders, anemia, thrombocytopenia, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, fixed drug eruptions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, leukocytocla-sitc vasculitis, recurrent fever with exanthema and, of course, the well-known gastric cytotoxicity. 

Although generally well tolerated, probenecid can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and other adverse reactions, including fever, rash, and rarely, hepatic toxicity. Patients should be instructed to maintain an adequate fluid intake and urine output to decrease the risk of uric acid stone formation. Some experts advocate alkalinizing the urine to decrease this risk. 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 1398-MOO.) Methimazole is classified as a thioamide and is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism It prevents the organification of F by blocking the oxidation of F to active I and also inhibits coupling of iodotyrosines. Excessive treatment with this drug may induce hypothyroidism. Some other adverse reactions reported for... 

Triazolam (ti/2 of elimination -1.5-5.5 h) is especially likely to impair memory (anterograde amnesia) and to cause rebound anxiety or insomnia and daytime confusion. The severity of these and other adverse reactions (e.g., rage, violent hostility, hallucinations), and their increased frequency in the elderly, has led to curtailed or suspended use of triazolam in some countries (UK). 

Other adverse reactions include nausea diarrhea pyrexia dermatitis exfoliative dermatitis urticaria alopecia sore mouth mouth ulcers fever abdominal cramping leukopenia red-orange urine priapism (causal relationship not established) paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction from submucosal or intramural hemorrhage. 

Human insulin Hypoglycemia and hypokalemia are among the potential clinical adverse reactions associated with the use of all insulins. Other adverse reactions... 

Gl disturbances (eg, nausea, epigastric fullness, heartburn) are the most common reactions. Other adverse reactions may include hypoglycemia, disulfiram-like reactions allergic skin reactions eczema pruritus erythema urticaria photosensitivity reactions leukopenia thrombocytopenia aplastic anemia agranulocytosis hemolytic anemia pancytopenia weakness paresthesia tinnitus fatigue dizziness vertigo malaise elevated liver function tests. 

Adverse reactions with other methylphenidate hydrochloride products -Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported with other methylphenidate products. In children, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss during prolonged therapy, insomnia, and tachycardia may occur more frequently however, any of the other adverse reactions listed also may occur. 

Other adverse reactions occurring in 3% or more of patients receiving ramelteon include dizziness, fatigue, headache, exacerbated insomnia, somnolence, nausea, and upper respiratory tract infection. 

Estazolam Other adverse reactions reported only for estazolam include the following somnolence (42%) asthenia (11%) hypokinesia (8%) hangover (3%) cold symptoms, lower extremity/back/abdominal pain (1% to 3%). 

Adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation Adverse reactions most frequently leading to discontinuation were dizziness (4%) and somnolence (3%). Other adverse reactions that led to discontinuation were asthenia, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, incoordination, peripheral edema, and thinking abnormal (1% each). 

Didanosine (2 3 -dideoxyinosine or ddl) is a dideoxynucleoside purine analogue. Its mechanism of action is identical to that of zidovudine and resistance to didanosine is known to occur rapidly in patients who were already treated with zidovudine. Didanosine shows in vitro synergy with zidovudine while their toxicity profiles are different. Oral absorption is decreased by food and didanoside penetrates into the brain to a limited extend. Pancreatitis is the most serious complication. Other adverse reactions include peripheral neuropathy, diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal disturbances. 

The rapid IV administration of phenytoin can present a hazard. Respiratory arrest, arrhythmias, and hypotension have been reported. Other adverse reactions and potential drug interactions are discussed in Chapter 32. 

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