Aerosol administration

More than half of the patients receiving this drug by the parenteral route experience some adverse reaction. Severe and sometimes life-threatening reactions include leukopenia (low white blood cell count), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and hypotension (low blood pressure). Moderate or less severe reactions include changes in some laboratory tests, such as the serum creatinine and liver function tests. Other adverse reactions include anxiety, headache, hypotension, chills, nausea, and anorexia Aerosol administration may result in fatigue a metallic taste in the mouth, shortness of breath, and anorexia... 

A second approach involves direct injection/administration of the nucleic-acid-containing vector to the target cell, in situ in the body. Examples of this approach have included the direct injection of vectors into a tumour mass, as well as aerosol administration of vectors (e.g. containing the cystic fibrosis gene) to respiratory tract epithelial cells. 

Aerosol administration enhances bronchoselectivity and provides a more rapid response and greater protection against provocations that induce bronchospasm (e.g., exercise, allergen challenges) than does systemic administration. 

Colthorpe P, Farr SJ, Taylor G, Smith IJ, Wyatt D (1992) The pharmacokinetics of pulmonary delivered insulin a comparison of intratracheal and aerosol administration to the rabbit. Pharm Res 9 764-768. 

Chadwick SL, Kingston HD, Stem M, et al. Safety of a single aerosol administration of escalating doses of the cationic lipid GL-67/DOPE/DMPE-PEG5000 formulation to the lungs of normal volunteers. Gene Ther 1997 4(9) 937-942. 

Administration of oral LSD in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mcg/kg had dose-related effects on NF scores (Fig. 92). Variation in individual response to LSD exceeded variation observed with belladonnoids. On average, however, it is obvious that the larger dose produced scores close to the incapacitating level (ID50), while the 1.0 mcg/kg dose produced scores close to the MED50 level (six subjects at each dose). Later, aerosol administration revealed that inhalation effects were only about 30% as great as by the oral route. 

Compound 302668 aerosol administration to man. Edgewood Arsenal Technical Report 4395, 1970. 

Sidell FR, Karger S, Simons CJ, Weimer JT. Compound 302668 aerosol administration to man. Edgewood Arsenal Technical Report 4395, 1970. 

Sanabria J, Noa M, Casaco A, et al. 1984. [Morphological changes in the respiratory system of guinea pigs after kerosine aerosol administration.] Allergol Immunopathol 12(3) 213-215. (Spanish)... 

Aerosol For aerosol administration only. Do not administer with any other aerosol-generating device or together with other aerosolized medications. 

Plasma concentrations after aerosol administration are substantially lower than those observed after a comparable IV dose. The extent of pentamidine accumulation and distribution following chronic inhalation therapy are not known. 

Pharmacokinetics Onset of action is rapid with duration of 4-8 hr. Rapidly absorbed following aerosol administration. Primarily distributed to lungs. Metabolized in liver. Excreted in urine and feces. Half-life 3 hr... 

Pharmacokinetics Systemic absorption is rapid following aerosol administration however, serum concentrations at recommended doses are very low. Metabolized in liver. Excreted in urine primarily as glucoside metabolite. Half-life Unknown. 

Their adverse effects are dose-related and are more common after oral than aerosol administration because of the manifold higher dose required for oral drugs. Some of the important P -agonists like salmeterol. 

Observation of the use of leaves from Datura stramonium for asthma treatment in India led to the discovery of atropine, a potent competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine at postganglionic muscarinic receptors, as a bronchodilator. Interest in the potential value of antimuscarinic agents increased with demonstration of the importance of the vagus nerves in bronchospastic responses of laboratory animals and by the development of a potent atropine analog that is poorly absorbed after aerosol administration and that is therefore relatively free of systemic atropine-like effects. 

Colthorpe, R, Farr, S.J., Taylor, G., Smith, I.J., and Wyatt, D. (1992). Pharmacokinetics of pulmonary-delivered insulin Comparison of intratracheal and aerosol administration to the rabbit. Pharmaceut. Res., 9, 764—768. 

Virazole is a brand name for ribavirin, a synthetic nucleoside with antiviral activity. VIRAZOLE for inhalation solution is a sterile, lyophilized powder to be reconstituted for aerosol administration. Each 100-mL glass vial contains 6 g ribavirin, and when reconstituted to the recommended volume of 300 mL with sterile water for injection... 

Beclomethasone dipropionate and several other glucocorticoids—primarily budesonide and flunisolide and mometasone furoate, administered as aerosols—have been found to be effective in the treatment of asthma (see Chapter 20 Drugs Used in Asthma). The switch from therapy with systemic glucocorticoids to aerosol therapy must be undertaken with caution, since manifestations of glucocorticoid deficiency will appear if adrenal function has been suppressed. In such patients, a slow, graded reduction of systemic therapy and monitoring of endogenous adrenal function should accompany the institution of aerosol administration. 

Later, Lizio et al. [78] used a new aerosol delivery system (ASTA-ADS) to investigate the pulmonary absorption and tolerability of four different cetrorelix formulations delivered as nebulized aerosols to orotracheally cannulated rats. After only 5 min exposure to the cetrorelix aerosol, serum testosterone concentrations were reduced to subnormal levels over a 24-h period. After dose adjustment (dose delivered minus exhaled amount), the bioavailabilities for pulmonary delivery ranged from 48.4 27.0% to 77.4 44.0% compared to IV administration. In addition, the lung function parameters did not reveal any formulation-related changes. Overall, the results of cetrorelix aerosol administration compared well with those obtained with intratracheal instillation of cetrorelix solution [77]. 

Reduction in intensity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice by aerosol administration of gamma interferon. Infect. Immun. 59 3859-3862. 

Niven, R.W., K.L. Whitcomb, M. Woodward, J. Liu, and C. Jornacion. 1995. Systemic absorption and activity of recombinant consensus interferons after intratracheal instillation and aerosol administration. Pharm. Res. 12 1889-1895. 

Aerosol Administration You have heard of a small start-up firm that is developing techniques to apply drugs via the lungs. The drug is sprayed to form a fine aerosol that is then inhaled. 

Sldell, F.R., Karger, S., Simons, C.J., Welmer, J.T. 1970 Compound 302,668 Aerosol Administration to Man. Edgewood Arsenal Technical Report 4395. 

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