Ophthalmics

The lubricating properties of tears are an important feature in normal blinking. Kalachandra and Shah measured the coefficient of friction of ophthalmic solutions (artificial tears) on polymer surfaces and found no correlation with viscosity, surface tension or contact angle [58]. The coefficient of friction appears to depend on the structure of the polymer surfaces and decreases with increasing load and sliding speed. 

Rheumatic disorders and coUagen diseases Ophthalmic, otic, and nasal disorders Dermatologic diseases Respiratory diseases... 

The esters of monofluorophosphoric acid are of great interest because of their cholinesterase inhibiting activity which causes them to be highly toxic nerve gases and also gives them medical activity (see Enzyme inhibitors). The most studied is the bis(l-methylethyl)ester of phosphorofluoridic acid also known as diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate [155-91 DFP (5), and as the ophthalmic ointment or solution Isoflurophate USP. It is used as a... 

The principal OTC pharmaceutical products include cold remedies, vitamins and mineral preparations, antacids, analgesics, topical antibiotics, antiftingals and antiseptics, and laxatives. Others include suntan products, ophthalmic solutions, hemorrhoidal products, sleep aids, and dermatological products for treatment of acne, dandmff, insect parasites, bums, dry skin, warts, and foot care products (11). More recent prescription-to-OTC switches have included hydrocortisone, antihistamine and decongestant products, antiftingal agents, and, as of 1995, several histamine H2-receptor antagonists. 

Ophthalmic dmg dehveiy systems (qv) have been developed to dehvei controlled dmg quantities for a prolonged time (up to seven days) to the eye, eg, pilocarpine [92-13-7J (17). Alza Corp. in conjunction with Ciba-Geigy Corp. originally marketed such a product known as Ocusert to treat glaucoma. 

Solutions for external or oral use do not require sterilization but generally contain antimicrobial preservatives. Ophthalmic solutions and parenteral solutions require sterilization (qv). 

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

Ophthalmic ointments usually contain petrolatum as the base. The petrolatum is sterilized by dry heat and combined with the sterile dmg powder under aseptic conditions. Ophthalmic suspensions contain very fine (- 10 ji) particle sized soHds suspended in an aqueous vehicle. The vehicle is adjusted to isotonicity and viscosity-increasing excipients, chelating agents, and surfactants also may be needed. The aqueous vehicle in these cases is generally autoclaved and mixed with sterile dmg powder asceptically (30). 

Most polymyxin B sold for human use in the United States is in dermatological, otic, and ophthalmic preparations that usually contain one or more other spectmm extending antibacterials such as bacitracin, neomycin sulfate [1404-04-2], C23H4gNg023, linear gramicidin, oxytetracycline [79-57-2],... 

Bacitracin given parenteraHy is sufftciendy nephrotoxic that it is rarely used in human medicine for other than topical indications (80). Thus safe and effective use, especially as the zinc salt, is limited almost completely to ointments, sprays, and solutions for skin and ophthalmic use in concentrations of 250 to 1000 units per milliliter. Bacitracin is only rarely skin sensitizing. As in the case of polymyxin, bacitracin is usually combined with other antibiotics to enlarge its spectmm of activity, or with corticoids or analgesics to reUeve pain or itching. 

Although tyrothricia is too toxic for parenteral therapy, it was formerly sold in the United States as oral lo2enges. Modem tyrothricin formulations are composed of 70—80% tyrocidines and 30—20% linear gramicidins. Tyrocidines are not as active as linear gramicidins and are too toxic for any therapeutic use by themselves. The bactericidal linear gramicidins are used in the United States solely as an ophthalmic solution in combination with polymyxin B sulfate and neomycin sulfate. The linear gramicidin is used in this aqueous product as a substitute for bacitracin, which lacks stabiUty under such conditions. 

Adenoviridae Mastadenovims numerous adeno types respiratory and ophthalmic... 

Herpetoviridae Herpesvirus herpes types 1 and 2 ophthalmic, central nervous system, genital cutaneous, oral, upper respiratory... 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

Although the proposed appHcations for photochromic systems are numerous, few have received broad use. By far, the most successful commercial apphcation is the use of photochromic silver halide-containing glasses in prescription eyewear. The convenience of having lenses that darken automatically upon exposure to sunlight has proven appealing to spectacle wearers (35). With the increasing penetration of plastic lenses into the ophthalmic market, the desire for plastic photochromic ophthalmic lenses has also increased, and considerable effort has been spent on the discovery of photochromic systems for plastic eyewear. 

D C Blue No. 9 (12) Indanthrene Blue Carbanthrene Blue Cl Vat Blue 6 [130-20-1] 69825 cotton and silk sutures (including those for ophthalmic use) only 2.5% (w/w) max dmgs in general... 

Advancing Ophthalmic Drug Therapy, InSite Vision company promotional pubHcation, Alameda, Calif., 1989. 

Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the constant release of pilocarpiae over the seven day treatment period. An initial burst of dmg iato the eye is seen ia the first few hours. This is temporary and the system drops to the rated value ia approximately six hours. The total amount of dmg released ia this transitory period is less than that normally given ia pilocarpiae ophthalmic solutions. The ocular hypotensive effect of these devices is hiUy developed within 2 hours of placement ia the conjunctival sac, and the hypotensive response is maintained throughout the therapy. This system replaces the need for eyedrops apphed four times per day to control iatraocular pressure.

Catarase 22/150lU Ophthalmic enymes chymotrypsin Lolab... 

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