Ophthalmic, emulsions

Cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion One drop in each eye twice... 

Stevenson, D., J. Tauber, and B.L. Reis. 2000. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease A dose-ranging, randomized trial. The Cyclosporin A Phase 2 Study Group. Ophthalmology 107 967. 

Sail, K., et al. 2000. Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease. CsA Phase 3 Study Group. Ophthalmology 107 631. 

Other ophthalmic emulsions have been used to formulate prednisolone, piroxicam and amphotericin B emulsion. Although emulsions can produce sustained therapeutic effects and reduced irritancy of drag, their application in ophthalmology have been limited due to problems of stability. 

Turner, K., Pflugfelder, S. C., Ji, Z., Feuer, W. J., Stern, M., and Reis, B. L. (2000), Interleukin-6 levels in the conjunctival epithelium of patients with dry eye disease treated with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion, Cornea, 19, 492—496. 

Small, D. S., Acheampong, A., Reis, B., Stern, K., Stewart, W., Berdy, G., Epstein, R., Foerster, R., Forstot, L., and Tang-Liu, D. D.-S. (2002), Blood concentrations of cyclosporin A during long-term treatment with cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsions in patients with moderate to severe dry eye disease, J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Then, 18, 411 118. 

Horn, M. M. (2006), Use of cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion for contact lens-intolerant patients, Eye Contact Lens Sci. Clin. Pract., 32,109-111. 

Barber LD, Pflugfelder SC, Tauber J, et al. Phase III safety evaluation of cyclosporine 0.1% ophthalmic emulsion administered twice daily to dry eye disease patients for up to 3 years. Ophthalmology 2005 112 1790-1794. 

Kunert KS, Tisdale AS, Stern ME. Effect of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion on the number of inflammatory cells and goblet cells in conjunctival biopsies with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999 44(suppl) S771. 

Selek H, Urdu N, Orhan M, Irkec M. Evaluation of retinoic acid ophthalmic emulsion in dry eye. Eur J Ophthalmol 2000 10 121-127. 

SmaR DSjAcheampong A, Reis B, et al. Blood concentrations of cyclosporinA during long-term treatment with cyclosporinA ophthalmic emulsions in patients with moderate to severe dry eye disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002 18 411-418. 

Tauber JT. A dose-ranging clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In Sullivan DA, Dartt DA, Meneray MA, eds. Lacrimal gland, tear film, and dry eye syndromes 2 basic science and clinical relevance. New York Plenum Press, 1998 693-704. 

In two large, randomized controlled trials in 977 patients, the adverse effects associated with ciclosporin ophthalmic emulsion for the treatment of dry eye disease were minimal and consisted mostly of mild ocular burning and stinging (46). However, topical application of ciclosporin eye-drops was the suspected cause of severe visual loss with bilateral white comeal deposits in a 45-year-old patient with dry eye sjmdrome caused by graft-versus-host disease (47). Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray analysis suggested that the deposits contained ciclosporin. A reduction in tear clearance and compromised epithelial barrier function caused by the concomitant use of oxybu-procaine may have precipitated this adverse effect. 

The efficacy, safety, tolerability, and optimal dose of ciclosporin eye-drops have been studied in a randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled multicenter trial in 162 patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca with or without Sjogren s disease and refractory to conventional treatment (48). Ciclosporin ophthalmic emulsion 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4%, or the vehicle alone was instilled twice daily into both eyes for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week observation period. There was no clear dose-response relation ciclosporin 0.1% emulsion produced the most consistent improvement in objective and subjective endpoints and ciclosporin 0.05% gave the most consistent improvement in sjmptoms. The vehicle also performed well, perhaps because of its long residence time on the ocular surface. There were no significant adverse effects, no microbial overgrowth, and no residence time of the vehicle emulsion on the ocular surface. AH treatments were well tolerated and the highest ciclosporin blood concentration detected was 0.16 ng/ml. 

To study the efficacy and safety of ciclosporin 0.05 and 0.1% ophthalmic emulsions and their vehicle in patients with moderate to severe dry eye disease, two identical multicenter, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-... 

Cyclosporin suppresses cell-mediated immune reactions and some humoral immunity. It is indicated in the prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney, liver, and heart allogeneic transplants in conjunction with adrenal corticosteroid therapy treatment of chronic rejection in patients previously treated with other immunosuppressive agents increased tear production in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed because of ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (ophthalmic emulsion). Gengraf, Neorai Used for treatment of severe active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) where disease is not adequately responsive to methotrexare treatment of adult, non-immunocompromised patients with severe, recalcitrant, plaque psoriasis who have failed to respond to a least one systemic therapy or in patients for whom other systemic therapies are contraindicated, or cannot be tolerated. 

Ophthalmic emulsions are generally dispersions of oily droplets in an aqueous phase. There should... 

Preservatives like benzalkonium chloride and parabens may be included in ophthalmic emulsions to prevent microbial spoilage of multi-dose ophthalmic nanoemulsions. The presence of... 

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