Solutions parenteral

Solutions for external or oral use do not require sterilization but generally contain antimicrobial preservatives. Ophthalmic solutions and parenteral solutions require sterilization (qv). 

Benzyl alcohol, [100-51 -6] C H CH20H (bp, 205.4°C at 101.3 kPa), produced by the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde is used in color photography as a parenteral solution preservative as a general solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of various benzoate esters for the soap, perfume, and flavor industries (see Benzyl alcohol and P-phenethyl alcohol). 

Vancomycin. The nurse can administer vancomycin orally or by intermittent IV infusion. This drug is not administered IM. Unused portions of reconstituted oral suspensions and parenteral solutions are stable for 14 days when refrigerated after reconstitution. 

Injections and infusion fluids must be manufactured in a manner that will minimize or eliminate extraneous particulate matter. Parenteral solutions are generally filtered through 0.22 pm membrane filters to achieve sterility and remove particulate matter. Prefiltration through a coarser filter is often necessary to maintain adequate flow rates, or to prevent clogging of the filters during large-scale manufacturing. A talc or carbon filtration aid (or other filter aids) may also be necessary. If talc is used, it should be pretreated with a dilute acid solution to remove surface alkali and metals. 

Particulate matter is defined in the USP as extraneous, mobile, undissolved substances, other than gas bubbles, unintentionally present in parenteral solutions. Test methods and limits for particulates are stated in the USP for large-volume injections and small-volume injections. 

S. L. Nail, The effect of chamber pressure on heat transfer in the freeze drying of parenteral solutions, J. Parenter. Drug Assoc., 34, 358-368 (1980). 

Phenytoin decreases folic add absorption, but folic acid replacement enhances phenytoin clearance and can result in loss of efficacy. Phenytoin tablets and suspension contain phenytoin acid, while the capsules and parenteral solution are phenytoin sodium, which is 92% phenytoin. Clinicians should remember that there are two different strengths of phenytoin suspension and capsules. 

Parenteral Solution Injection Ventohn injection Ventohn intravenous infusion Non-proprietary A H A H 100 pg/mL 50 and 500 pg/mL 1 mg/mL... 

IV Do not administer undiluted potassium - Potassium preparations must be diluted with suitable large volume parenteral solutions, mixed well and given by slow IV infusion. 

Neutralizing additive solution- One vial of neutralizing additive solution added to 1 L of any of the commonly used parenteral solutions including dextrose, sodium chloride. Ringer s, etc, will increase the pH to a more... 

Admixture incompatibilities - Avoid adding sodium bicarbonate to parenteral solutions containing calcium, except where compatibility is established precipitation or haze may result. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine are incompatible. 

If tuberculin syringes are used to measure very small doses, one must be aware of the problem of inadvertent overadministration of digoxin. Do not flush the syringe with the parenteral solution after its contents are expelled into an indwelling vascular catheter. 

Prevention of chemotherapy-induced emesis - For doses in excess of 10 mg, dilute injection in 50 ml of a parenteral solution (Dextrose 5% in Water,... 

IV admixture When diluted in a parenteral solution, administer IV slowly over a period of not less than 15 minutes. 

These results show that retinyl esters in respiratory epithelium and in alveolar cells form a pool of vitamin A, which can be used physiologically by the tissue. The formation of retinol and at least RA from retinyl esters is strictly controlled. So far an unphysiological formation of RA and a subsequent toxicity seems not possible. Retinyl esters, however, are biochemically inert with respect to gene expression or vitamin A activity as long as they are not hydrolyzed. Consequently, the inhalative application, especially in cases of insufficient lung development, could represent a true alternative. The oral contribution is hardly successful because of the poor RBP s)mthesis of the liver and the lack of availability of a parenteral solution is currently not available. 

Parenteral solution are sterile liquid or suspensions packaged in sterile containers, intended for parenteral administration. 

Parenteral Solutions, Blood clotting factors, colony-... 

The basic principles employed in the preparation of parenteral products do not vary from those widely used in other sterile and non-sterile liquid preparations. However, it is imperative that all calculations are made in an accurate and most precise manner. Therefore, an issue of a parenteral solution scale-up essentially becomes a liquid scale-up task, which requires a high degree of accuracy. A practical yet scientifically sound means of performing this scale-up analysis of liquid parenteral systems is presented below. The approach is based on the scale of agitation method. For singlephase liquid systems, the primary scale-up criterion is equal liquid motion when comparing pilot-size batches to a larger production-size batches. 

It is important to add heat transfer scale-up considerations to the scale-up approach for liquid parenteral solutions as heat transfer applications may play a considerable role in preparation of these products. For heat transfer applications, constant horsepower per unit volume is used to achieve approximately similar heat transfer coefficients for the same type of impeller. This approach is a close approximation since the effect of horsepower on the heat transfer coefficient (ho) is relatively small ... 

Figure 10 shows the result of one year of storage of different amino acids, components of parenteral solutions in type I glass containers. Not all the solutions were contaminated by Al, but only those whose amino acids presented affinity with this element. 

TABLE 17 Arsenic Species Present as Contaminant in Commercial Parenteral Solutions ... 

Pharmacopeial count limits for particulates in parenteral solutions is given in Table 39. The limit depends on the method used for the determination and also on the volume of the sample. Two different procedures for the determination are generally proposed light obscuration particle count test (LO) and microscopic particle count test (M), since neither is applicable to all kinds of samples. 

Baydar, T, Aydin, A., Duru, S., Isimer, A., and Sahin, G. (1997), Aluminum in enteral nutrition formulas and parenteral solutions, Clin. Toxicol., 35, 277-281. 

Finally, additional quality test being applied to many but not all pharmacopoeial parenteral solutions are the instrumental tests for particulate matter. Although almost impossible to remove in its entirety, particulate matter, however it is defined, are another direct measure of quality, the lower the number per unit volume the higher the quality. Fortunately instruments are now available that will accurately count the numbers of suspended particles in a solution down to 2.0 pm diameter. The interested... 

Jenke DR, Chess EK, Zietlow D, Rabinow BE. Model for estimating the accumulation of solutes leaching from polymeric containers into parenteral solutions. Int J Pharm 1992 78 115. 

Akers MJ, Defelippis MR. Peptides and proteins as parenteral solutions. In Frokjaer S, Hovgaard L, eds. Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins. (Pharmaceutical Science.) U.K. Taylor and Francis, 1999. 

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