Ophthalmic effects

The accidental release of several tons of MIC in 1984 at Bhopal, India, resulted in a very heavy death toll (approximately 1850) and, in survivors, significant impairment of health. Immediate symptoms were difficulty in breathing, skin and eye irritation, vomiting, and unconsciousness. Only a few deaths were recorded in the first few hours, with the maximum number of fatalities occurring between 24 and 72 hours. The predominant cause of death was cardiac arrest following severe pulmonary edema. Lung function abnormalities have persisted years after exposure. Ophthalmic effects included lacrimation, lid edema, photophobia, and ulceration of the corneal epithelium. A follow-up study 3 years after exposure showed excess irritation, eyelid infection, cataract, and a decrease in visual acuity, but corneal erosion was resolved. ... 

Ophthalmic effects There was a high prevalence of baseline lenticular opacities in the patient population included in the early clinical trials with lovastatin. 

Ophthalmic effects Although no specific recommendations for periodic ophthalmologic monitoring exists, be aware of the possibility of long-term ophthalmologic effects. 

Ophthalmic effects Irreversible retinal damage has been observed in some patients who had received long-term or high-dosage 4-aminoquinoline therapy for discoid and SLE or RA. When prolonged therapy is contemplated, perform initial (baseline) and periodic (every 3 months) ophthalmologic examinations (including visual acuity, expert slit-lamp, funduscopic, and visual field tests). 

Tabs SE Dizziness, somnolence, N, asthenia, xerostomia, paresthesias pain, pressure, or tightness in chest, jaw or neck serious cardiac events Interactions T Risk of serotonin synd W/ SSRIs T risks of prolonged vasospasms W/ ergot-containing medications EMS Acute Mis and arrhythmias have occurred after taking a 5-HTi agonist long-term use can cause adverse ophthalmic effects OD May cause severe CV effects symptomatic and supportive... 

Ophthalmic effects associated with cocaine can occur during both active drug use and early abstinence. Cocaine abuse has been associated with ophthalmic complications, including ulceration of the cornea, vasoconstrictor effects on the retinal vasculature, irregularities in oculomotor performance, and secondary optic neuropathy. 

Ophthalmic effects may include posterior sub-capsular lens cataract (risk if dose exceeds prednisolone 10 mg/day or equivalent for above a year), glaucoma (with prolonged use of eye drops), and corneal or scleral thinning. 

The ophthalmic route has been used traditionally for topical application for local effects. However, with the increasing number of peptide drugs being developed, the ophthalmic route has been considered for systemic drug delivery. After topical administration in the eye, peptides can be absorbed from the mucosa during tear turnover as well as via the blood vessels of the conjunctiva. The route suffers from the hesitancy of practitioners to place a drug into the eye for any reason other than to produce ophthalmic effects. Another drawback is the sensitivity of the eye to irritation by foreign substances. 

The gas leak had devastating effects on the exposed population. Over 200000 residents (that comprised about one-fourth of the total population of city of Bhopal) were exposed to MIC and other related toxic gases released from the plant. Most of these residents were from the poor class and were living in the immediate surroundings of the Union carbide plant. The human mortality is estimated to be between 2500 and 5000 from this accident. Respiratory failure due to MIC inhalation was the principal cause of death. MIC caused bronchial necrosis and pulmonary edema. Within the first 24 h after the accident, 90 000 patients were admitted in local hospitals and clinics with multiple symptoms of respiratory distress, breathlessness, choking, cough, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Acute ophthalmic effects were also reported with severe eye irritation and watering of the eyes. 

Ophthalmic Effects of Selected Vitamin Deficiencies and Zinc Deficiency ... 

Ophthalmic effects due to direct ocular exposure to OPs include optic neuropathy, retinal degeneration, defective vertical smooth pursuit, myopia, and miosis. Respiratory effects, including muscarinic, nicotinic, and central effects, contribute to respiratory distress in acute and delayed OP toxicity, Muscarinic effects, such as bronchospasm and laiyngeal spasm, can lead to airway obstruction. Nicotinic effects can lead to weakness and paralysis of respiratory oropharyngeal tiiuscles. Central effects can lead to cessation of respiration. 

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