Ointments ophthalmic

Oil-wet reservoirs, 73 614 Oily-soil detergency, 3 433-437 Ointments, ophthalmic, 73 716 Oka/Merck varicella-zoster virus, 25 496-497... 

Ophthalmic ointments Ophthalmic ointments may retard corneal healing. 

Ointments, ophthalmic. Sterile ointments designed for application to the eyelids. Petrolatum, petrolatum-mineral oil, and petrolatum-anhydrous lanolin bases are often used in ophthalmic ointments because of their low irritating potential. Finely powdered, sterile active ingredients are aseptically incorporated into a sterile base, using sterile utensils, and dispensed in sterile ophthalmic-tipped tubes to reduce the possibility of contamination. ... 

The esters of monofluorophosphoric acid are of great interest because of their cholinesterase inhibiting activity which causes them to be highly toxic nerve gases and also gives them medical activity (see Enzyme inhibitors). The most studied is the bis(l-methylethyl)ester of phosphorofluoridic acid also known as diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate [155-91 DFP (5), and as the ophthalmic ointment or solution Isoflurophate USP. It is used as a... 

Ophthalmic Dosage Forms. Ophthalmic preparations can be solutions, eg, eye drops, eyewashes, ointments, or aqueous suspensions (30). They must be sterile and any suspended dmg particles must be of a very fine particle size. Solutions must be particle free and isotonic with tears. Thus, the osmotic pressure must equal that of normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) solution. Hypotonic solutions are adjusted to be isotonic by addition of calculated amounts of tonicity adjusters, eg, sodium chloride, boric acid, or sodium nitrate. 

Ophthalmic ointments usually contain petrolatum as the base. The petrolatum is sterilized by dry heat and combined with the sterile dmg powder under aseptic conditions. Ophthalmic suspensions contain very fine (- 10 ji) particle sized soHds suspended in an aqueous vehicle. The vehicle is adjusted to isotonicity and viscosity-increasing excipients, chelating agents, and surfactants also may be needed. The aqueous vehicle in these cases is generally autoclaved and mixed with sterile dmg powder asceptically (30). 

Bacitracin given parenteraHy is sufftciendy nephrotoxic that it is rarely used in human medicine for other than topical indications (80). Thus safe and effective use, especially as the zinc salt, is limited almost completely to ointments, sprays, and solutions for skin and ophthalmic use in concentrations of 250 to 1000 units per milliliter. Bacitracin is only rarely skin sensitizing. As in the case of polymyxin, bacitracin is usually combined with other antibiotics to enlarge its spectmm of activity, or with corticoids or analgesics to reUeve pain or itching. 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

Ophthalmic ointments applied to the eyelids or dropped into the lower conjunctival sac... 

Educating the Patient and Famiiy The patient or a family member will require instruction in die technique of instilling an ophthalmic preparation (see Home Care Checklist Instilling an Ophthalmic Preparation). In addition, die nurse may give the following information to die patient and family member when an eye ointment or solution is prescribed ... 

If more than one type of ophthalmic preparation is being instilled, waits the recommended time interval before instilling the second drug (usually 5 minutes for drops and 10-15 minutes for ointment). 

AK-Fbly-Bac Ophthalmic Ointment—polymyxin B sulfate, bacitracin zinc... 

US 2 417 005 (Geigy 1947 CH-prior. 1943). Formulation s) ophthalmic ointment 150mg/g... 

Formulation(s) eye drops 114.4 mg ophthalmic ointment 100 mg (as sodium salt hydrate)... 

Ophthalmic ointment, drops, or taping the eyelids shut to prevent keratitis and corneal abrasion... 

Regardless of the cause, the mainstay of treatment for dry eye is artificial tears. Artificial tears augment the tear film topically and provide relief. If a patient uses artificial tears more than four times daily, recommend a preservative-free formulation. Preservative-free formulations are also appropriate if the patient develops an allergy to ophthalmic preservatives. Artificial tears are available in gel, ointment, and emulsion forms that provide a longer duration of relief and may allow for less frequent instillation. Ointment use is appropriate at bedtime.30... 

Eye Contact Wash eyes immediately with copious amounts of water for at least 15 min apply an ophthalmic corticosteroid ointment after decontamination treat delayed erythema with a bland shake lotion (such as calamine lotion) or a topical corticosteroid depending on severity do not wear contact lenses when working with this chemical seek medical attention immediately. 

Soft gelatin capsules are available in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Specialty packages in tube form (ophthalmics, ointments) or bead form (various cosmetics) are possible [3],... 

The USP has numerous requirements, e.g., ophthalmic solutions [need be] essentially free from foreign particles, suitably compounded and packaged for instillation into the eye, or ophthalmic suspensions [need contain] solid particles dispersed in liquid vehicle intended for application to the eye [1]. Ophthalmic suspensions are required to be made with the insoluble drug in a micronized form to prevent irritation or scratching of the cornea. A finished ophthalmic ointment must be free from large particles and must meet the requirements for leakage and for metal particles under ophthalmic ointments . These and other requirements will be discussed further in subsequent sections. 

Behind the relatively straightforward compositional nature of ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, and ointments, however, lie many of the same physicochemical parameters that affect drug stability, safety, and efficacy, as they do for most other drug products. But additionally, specialized dosage forms present the ophthalmic product designer with some extraordinary compositional and manufacturing challenges. These... 

Because of these product sensitivities, most ophthalmic pharmaceutical products are aseptically manufactured and filled into previously sterilized containers in aseptic environments using aseptic filling-and-capping techniques. This is the case for ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, and ointments, and specialized technology is involved in their manufacture. 

When an ophthalmic ointment is manufactured, all raw material components must be rendered sterile before compounding unless the ointment contains an aqueous fraction that can be sterilized by heat, filtration, or ionizing radiation. The ointment base is sterilized by heat and appropriately filtered while molten to remove extraneous foreign particulate matter. It is then placed into a sterile steam-jacketed kettle to maintain the ointment in a molten state under aseptic conditions, and the previously sterilized active ingredients) and excipients are added aseptically. While still molten, the entire ointment may be passed through a previously sterilized colloid mill for adequate dispersion of the insoluble components. 

Oils have been used as vehicles for several topical eyedrop products that are extremely sensitive to moisture. Tetracycline HC1 is an antibiotic that is stable for only a few days in aqueous solution. It is supplied as a 1% sterile suspension with Plastibase 50W and light liquid petrolatum. White petrolatum and its combination with liquid petrolatum to obtain a proper consistency is routinely used as the vehicle for ophthalmic ointments. 

B. Semisolid Dosage Forms Ophthalmic Ointments and Gels... 

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