Olive kernels

Japanese [35] and U.S. [36] patents describe the use of natural abrasives such as ground walnut shells, apricot shells, and olive kernels to provide gentle skin cleansing without scratching. 

Olive-kernel ollj more correctly termed Sid-pJmr olive oil. 

Jart (1959) determined the fatty acid composition of olive kernels. The kernel oil appears to have a somewhat higher linoleic acid content and lower oleic content than the pulp oil (Table 7.8). In practice, the kernels are ground up with the pulp and the oil is expressed from the mixture of pulp and seed. The protein, oil and mineral contents of Egyptian and Jordanian olive oil cakes were investigated by Latief et aL (1976) and were found to be suitable for recovery of edible oil, protein pulp residue for cattle feed and mineral rich exhausted residue for use as fertilizer. 

Jart, A. (1959) The fatty add composition of shea butter and olive kernel oil. Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 1723-1725. 

Olive kernel Olea europea Seed (kernel) 30-45... 

The raw materials for the manufacture of soap, the alkali salts of saturated and unsaturated C10-C20 carboxylic acids, are natural fats and fatty oils, especially tallow oil and other animal fats (lard), coconut oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, and even olive oil. In addition, the tall oil fatty acids, which are obtained in the kraft pulping process, are used for soap production. A typical formulation of fats for the manufacture of soap contains 80-90% tallow oil and 10-20% coconut oil [2]. For the manufacture of soft soaps, the potassium salts of fatty acids are used, as are linseed oil, soybean oil, and cottonseed oil acids. High-quality soap can only be produced by high-quality fats, independent of the soap being produced by saponification of the natural fat with caustic soda solution or by neutralization of distilled fatty acids, obtained by hydrolysis of fats, with soda or caustic soda solutions. Fatty acids produced by paraffin wax oxidation are of inferior quality due to a high content of unwanted byproducts. Therefore in industrially developed countries these fatty acids are not used for the manufacture of soap. This now seems to be true as well for the developing countries. 

Comparative studies of the fatty acids compositions of olive (Olea europaea) oil extracted from pulp and kernel. OE046 Gartenbauwissenschaft 1991 56(1) ... 

Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products rapeseed, expeller and hulls soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls sunflower seed as seed and expeller cotton as seed and seed expeller linseed as seed and expeller sesame seed as expeller palm kernels as expeller pumpkin seed as expeller olives, olive pulp vegetable oils (from physical extraction). (Turnip rapeseed expeller was delisted in 2004.)... 

The trivial names that indicate the initial source of fatty acids are used more often than the lUPAC names in the industry. For example, butyric acid is a major component of butter flavor, palmitic acid comes from palm kernel, and oleic acid from olives. 

Some commodity oils and fats such as palm, palm kernel, coconut, and olive are tree crops. Once the trees mature, they continue to produce fruit for many years and production levels cannot be greatly changed from season to season. 

Inherent stabihty of an oil may be calculated from the oil composition and the relative rates of oxidation of oleic (defined as 1), hnoleic (evaluated as 10), and linolenic (evaluated as 25) acids. The higher this value, the more unstable or susceptible to oxidation an oil is. Values of 6.8 and 1.9 are obtained for regular and high-oleic sunflower oils, respectively, taking into account their standard compositions. The inherent stabihty of olive oil, calculated as 1.5, is shghtly lower than that of high-oleic sunflower oil, whereas even lower values are obtained for saturated fatty materials like tallow (0.86), palm kernel (0.27), and coconut (0.24). The... 

Sterol Coconut Corn Cotton Seed Linseed Olive Pam Palm Kernel Peanut Rape Seed Rice Bran Saf- flower Sesame Shea Butter Soy Bean Sun flower Wheat Germ... 

Sources of Fats, Oils, and Tallows. The total world production of fats and oils is estimated at 76.2 million MT. It consists of 59.2 milhon MT of edible vegetable fats and oils (soybean oil, 16.9 million palm oil 11.5 million rapeseed and canola oil, 9.1 million sunflower seed oil, 7.6 million cottonseed oil, 4.2 million peanut oil, 3.4 million coconut oil, 2.9 million olive oil, 2.1 million and palm kernel oil, 1.5 million), butter fat, 5.3 million total marine oils, 1.1 million and total tallows and greases, 7.0 million (28). 

Initial extraction of oil from oil fruit produces a cake of fruit skin, pulp, and kernel known as olive pomace or omjos. The value of this primary by-product of oil extraction depends on its oil and water contents, which are, in turn, determined by the method of oil extraction employed and the operating conditions. Pressure extraction yields a residue containing 4—5% oil, whereas classical presses leave 8-12% oil in the pomace (72). Pomace flours are used as animal feed due to their high content of protein, which is also of high quality. 

The typical properties assigned to cosmetic products include skin moisturization, emolhency and spreadability and coadjuvants to help maintain skin pliability and softness (57). Moisturization is usually considered to be simply occlusivity and humectancy. The role of cosmetics, especially lipid cosmetics besides moisturization, has expanded to multiple effects such as modulation of barrier function, increasing comeodesmolysis and facilitating comeocyte envelope maturation. Specific examples of lipids of interest are listed in Table 2. Examples of lipids used in cosmetics include products derived from olive oil, shea butter oil, mango kernel oil, borage oil, nut oils, and palm and coconut oils. 

Large supply of naturally derived lipids can be obtained from plants in which many oils and fatty acids can be readily extracted and purified. Animal sources (e.g., eggs or milkfats) are used to derive complex lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol. Yield from natural sources is dependent on the weight-percent composition and the efficiency of the extraction procedure. The constitution of fatty acids in vegetable oils varies widely from different sources. For example, oleic acid is present at 64.6% by weight in olive oil but is present at only 0.7% in palm kernel oil. Similarly, castor oil triglyceride is comprised of almost entirely ricinoleic chains. There are numerous raw material suppliers of oils and oil fractions worldwide. As such, the relative cost of bulk purified... 

In addition, EPON was granted a permit from the authorities to conduct a number of full-scale test trials with the co-combustion of biomass, such as waste of sunflowers, olive and apricot kernels, and coffee ground. In this permit it is foreseen to conduct five tests with 200 tons of biomass and five tests with 50 tons of biomass. When the experiments have proved successful the co-combustion of the biomass fuels wilt also be addressed in the application of the revised permit for the power plant as a whole. 

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