Full-Scale test

If the yields are accepted without full-scale testing, questions can and should arise as to how much contingency exists in the yields (since after all, they were obtained by correlations of similar coals, or perhaps by small-scale tests for your coal, for example). For at least one study, initially presented yields of this sort were found to represent a conservative case and upon request, yields were revealed that were closer to licensor expectations with no contingency. Some design contingency must be provided, but to do this intelligently, any yield contingency must be identified. 

Corrective Action Application Circulating fluidized bed incinerators are ready for full-scale testing under the EPA SITE Program. A unit is now in the RCRA permitting process. 

Representativeness can be examined from two aspects statistical and deterministic. Any statistical test of representativeness is lacking becau.se many histories are needed for statistical significance. In the absence of this, PSAs use statistical methods to synthesize data to represent the equipment, operation, and maintenance. How well this represents the plant being modeled is not known. Deterministic representativeness can be answered by full-scale tests on like equipment. Such is the responsibility of the NSSS vendor, but for economic reasons, recourse to simplillcd and scaled models is often necessary. System success criteria for a PSA may be taken from the FSAR which may have a conservative bias for licensing. Realism is more expensive than conservatism. 

Scaling laws If a full-scale test is not possible, reduced-scale experiments are a good alternative. However, certain scaling laws must be observed (see Section 12.4, Scale model experiments ). Correct scaling for isothermal flows is usually possible. However, scaling of buoyant flows in large rooms may be difficult, if not impossible. Then numerical simulation is the better choice. 

Snccessful full-scale tests on quenching of deflagrations and detonations using expanded metal cartridge flame arresters were performed to USCG standards on Group C and D gases by Westech Industrial Ltd. (Lapp 1992, Lapp and Vickers 1992). 

As described in Section 6.2.1., British Gas performed full-scale tests with LPG BLEVEs similar to those conducted by BASF. The experimenters measured very low overpressures firom the evaporating liquid, followed by a shock that was probably the so-called second shock, and by the pressure wave from the vapor cloud explosion (see Figure 6.6). The pressure wave firom the vapor cloud explosion probably resulted from experimental procedures involving ignition of the release. The liquid was below the superheat limit temperature at time of burst. 

The coefficients Cp will vary across each surface of the building and, except for very simple shapes, can only be found by model or full-scale test. Since the coefficients will change with wind direction, complete calculation of wind-induced ventilation is very unwieldy, needing computer analysis. 

It is the general consensus within the worldwide fire community that the only proper way to evaluate the fire safety of products is to conduct full-scale tests or complete fire-risk assessments. Most of these tests were extracted from procedures developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Because they are time tested, they are generally accepted methods to evaluate a given property. Where there were no universally accepted methods the UL developed its own. 

Ake, T. R., and Glicksman, L. R., Scale Model and Full Scale Test Results of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor, Proc. 1988 Seminar on Fluidized Bed Comb. Technol. for Utility Appl., EPRI, 1-24-1 (1989)... 

Full scale tests are particularly valuable to obtain information on fire hazard. They can be used to validate small scale tests, and to validate mathematical fire models. The most important additional dimension full scale tests add are effects, e.g. radiation from the fire itself, which are difficult to simulate in a smaller scale. Full scale tests are very expensive and time consuming. It is essential, thus, to design them in such a way as to (a) make them most relevant (b) minimize their number and (c)... 

The UK public area situation contrasted markedly with the UK domestic situation. In spite of the recommendations of the early research programmes, full scale tests with domestic furniture in the late 1970 s showed, regrettably, that not only had domestic upholstered furniture design and construction not followed the recommendations of early research, but that the fire performance of such furniture had arguably deteriorated. 

Nordtest No. 410-83, Upholstered Furniture Burning Behaviour - full Scale Test... 

The Cone calorimeter yields smoke results which have been shown to correlate with those from full scale fires [10, 15-18]. The concept of a combined heat and smoke release measurement variable for small scale tests has been put into mathematical terms for the cone calorimeter smoke parameter (SmkPar) [10]. It is the product of the maximum rate of heat release and the average specific extinction area (a measure of smoke obscuration). The correlation between this smoke parameter and the smoke obscuration in full scale tests has been found to be excellent [10]. The corresponding equation is ... 

It is noteworthy to restate that there was no correlation in the series of experiments shown in Table II between the maximum smoke density in the NBS smoke chamber, flaming mode, and the obscuration in the full scale tests. 

The same hazard concept could, potentially, be used for full scale tests, multiplying the total heat released, per unit surface exposed, by the maximum smoke obscuration. This is the basis for the magnitude smoke hazard (Smoke Haz.), shown in Table II. It is of interest that smoke hazard results yield the same ranking as mass of soot formed. Cone calorimeter tests are being planned with the same materials used in the full scale tests to investigate the usefulness of this concept. 

Two room sizes were considered the full scale test room with a single door opening in accordance with methods proposed by ASTM, ISO and NORDTEST and, a 1/3 scale model of the full scale compartment. 

Full scale tests carried out at the Swedish National Testing Insti-... 

Results from 1/3 scale and full scale tests. The four experimental... 

Figure 4 a) shows the results of using the regression equation on material no. 3 in Table 1 for the full scale test. Figure 4 b) shows the same for the 1/3 scale test. The regression equation has been used for 6 materials in both full scale and 1/3 scale tests,... 

No wall surface temperatures were measured in the full scale test series, scenario A and in the 1/3 scale test series, scenario B. Figure 6 a) shows the experimental and calculated wall surface temperatures, at a height of 0.45 m from the floor, for material no. 3, 1/3 scale test, scenario A. Figure 6 b) shows the same, but at a height of 1.2 m from the floor, for the full scale test, scenario B. 

In the full scale test series, scenario A, the test was terminated at flashover so no data is available for the downward flame... 

Figure 6 d) shows the experimental and calculated downward flame spread for material no. 3, full scale test, scenario B. 

Downward flamespread, full scale test, scenario B... 

After the evaluation of the performance of the different catalysts prepared in laboratory and pilot scale, a few candidates are selected for a full-scale test production. The main purpose is to demonstrate that the production steps shown in Fig. 8 are feasible for the new catalyst and that a uniform and satisfactory product quality can be achieved at an acceptable production rate in the existing production line. 

The hydrogen contact cell (HCC-11 in Fig. 29) does not have an integrated membrane, but merely a palladium window, and is intended for clamp-on purposes. It can be used on any smooth or flat surface and measures the effluent hydrogen permeation through vessels, pipelines, etc., for example, during full-scale testing as demonstrated by Christensen etal ... 

In addition to these full-scale tests, EPA has initiated a program to conduct extensive intermediate-scale incinerator studies, i.e., studies that would approximate the actual conditions that exist in full-scale incinerators but that at the same time would be close enough to the laboratory studies previously discussed to allow correlation of the results from both scales of operation ( ). The EPA Combustion Research Facility (CRF) has been constructed to conduct this program at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Jefferson, Arkansas. 

Polyethylene is an organic polymer with an amorphous crystalline structure, formed by the polymerization of ethylene gas. A low-density polyethylene with a processing temperature of 130 to 150°C has been evaluated in bench-scale and full-scale tests as a final waste form for evaporator concentrates, sludges, blowdown solutions, incinerator ash, and ion exchange resins. 

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