Nonylphenol ethoxylates mixtures

In comparison with other anionics, little has been published concerning methods of analysis of ether carboxylates. Gerhardt et al. [238] investigated the analytical determination of ether carboxylic acids in reaction mixtures obtained by reaction of nonylphenol ethoxylates with sodium chloroacetate as well as by cyanoethylation by different methods. Several methods, used for other surfactants as well [239], can be used for ether carboxylates. 

For analysis of surfactants, i.e. detection, identification and quantification, LC-TSP-MS and MS/MS are also qualified methods for substance-specific information [600-602]. A mixture of non-ionic surfactants, comprising nonylphenol ethoxylates [C9Hi9-(CeH4)-0-(CH2-CH2-0)m-H], anionic surfactants and PEG, was... 

Based on their use in industrial and domestic applications and abundance in environmental samples, six surfactants were selected by the participants of interlaboratory study I. Two different standard mixture solutions (standards II and 12) were distributed to all participants for the preparation of the calibration graphs. Standard II contained Arkopal N100 (NPEO), Marlamid DF 1218 (coconut fatty acid diethanolamide, CDEA) and Marlon A 350 (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, LAS) at 1000 mg L-1 for each compound, while standard 12 contained Rewopol NOS 5 (nonylphenol ethoxylate sulfate, NPEO-SO4),... 

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

Figure 6.3. Mole fraction of NP ethoxylate at the particle surface ( ) and in the aqueous phase ( ) as a function of total surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase using a mixture of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-EOio) and sodium dodecyl sulfate in a molar ratio of 16 84. (From M. Hulden and B. I onberg, J. Coatings TechnoL, 66, 67 1994, Reproduced with permission of Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology...

In a systematic study on the adsorption of mixtures of associative thickeners of the polyurethane type and nonylphenol ethoxylates on a hydrophobic latex, it was demonstrated that polymers with hydrophobic side chains along the backbone could displace the nonionic surfactant provided that the concentration of polymer hydrophobe units was high enough. For associative thickeners with only terminal hydrophobic chains, it was found that the size of these chains is a decisive factor in competitive adsorption. In addition, the distance between the hydrophobic end-groups is of importance the shorter the distance, i.e. the higher the concentration of hydrophobic chains, then the more effective the polymer is in displacing the nonionic surfactant. 

Lieberman and Moghissi, (Lieberman and Moghissi, 1970) that nonylphenol ethoxylates were the most effective emulsifiers for xylene based cocktails, we limited our evaluation to nonylphenol ethoxylates. To further reduce the nvimber of parameters tested, the solvent composition, emulsifier, and fluor concentrations were held constant. The solvent was a mixture of p-xylene and trimethylbenzene and had a flashpoint greater than 100°F. This blend is safer, less restricted by Federal regulations, and easier to handle than p-xylene. The primary fluor was PPO at 5 g/1, the secondary fluor bis-MSB at 200 mg/1. The total concentration of emulsifier was 40% by weight. 

The determination of alkylphenols and nonylphenol ethoxylates is challenging due to the complexity of the mixtures, comprised of various isomers with different branching of the alkyl moiety and oligomers (with different numbers of ethoxylate units) [82-85]. 

Prior to application of spray formulations, spray adjuvants are typically added to the insecticide mixture to enhance the efficacy of the active ingredient. Spray adjuvants include surfactants, compounds that impart adhesion and viscoelasticity to spray droplets (e.g., latex), compounds that provide protection from ultraviolet light and reduce volatilization, and activators. The coapplication of these compounds affects organophosphorus insecticide dissipation and transfer to surface runoff Some adjuvants and formulation ingredients are toxicologically significant themselves (e.g., nonylphenol ethoxylates). 

When ethoxylated nonylphenol and polyethylene glycol is treated with a mixture of H2S04 and H3P04 and neutralized with an alkali metal hydroxide or amine, surfactants containing sulfate esters and phosphate esters are obtained which cause little corrosion of metals such as surfaces of laundering equipments and automobiles [55]. 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

Calculating the Characteristic Interaction Parameter of the Micellar Systems Used To perform the calculation of p12 for the systems examined, i.e. Sulfonate/Genapol/ethoxylated nonylphenol mixtures, the following assumptions were made ... 

There is no molecular interaction between nonionic surfactants with an ethylene-oxide chain, i.e. Genapol and ethoxylated nonylphenols. Indeed, research by Nishikido (6) on polyoxyethylene laurylethers (5 < E.O. number < 49) has shown the ideal behavior (p12 = 0) of their mixtures. Likewise, Xia (7) has found very low p12 values for mixtures of ethoxylated fatty alcohols. 

Taking in account the results obtained by Graciaa (8) and Osborne-Lee (9) for alkylbenzene sulfonate and alkylphenols with an increasing degree of ethoxylation, we have considered that the interaction between sulfonate and associated highly ethoxylated nonylphenol (with 30, 50 or 100 E.O.) was predominant in mixed micelles of the mixtures investigated. 

The quantification of short-chain metabolites from nonylphenol ethoxy-lates (NPEOs) has been carried out in different ways because of the lack of individual standards. Thus, several authors have employed commercial mixtures with low ethoxylation degree and assuming similar molar response factors, such as Marlophen 83 with an average of 3.5 mol of ethylene oxide (EO) [1-5], Imbentin-N/7A, a mixture of NPEOi and NPEO2 (75 25) [6-11] or a mixture of miscellaneous origin [12,13], to quantify NPEOi and NPEO2. 

Carrion Fite, F. J. 1985. The formation of micelles in mixtures of sodium dodecylsulfate and ethoxylated nonylphenol with different degrees of ethoxylaticfienside Detergg2 225-229. 

Alkylphenol. Alkylphenol is a common surfactant intermediate used to produce alkylphenol ethoxylates. Phenol reacts with an olefin thermally without a catalyst but with relatively poor yields. Catalysts for the reaction include sulfuric acid p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), strong acid resins, and boron trifluoride (BF3). Of these, strong acid resins and BF3 are mostly widely used for the production of surfactant-grade alkylphenols. The most common alkylphenols are octylphenol, nonylphenol, and dodecylphe-nol. Mono nonylphenol (MNP) is by far the most common hydrophobe. It is produced by the alkylation of phenol with nonene under acid conditions. All commercially produced MNP is made with nonene based on propylene trimer. Because of the skeletal rearrangements that occur during propylene oligomerization, MNP is a complex mixture of branched isomers. 

The techniques used in the preparation of a stable oil-in-water emulsion for pipeline transportation are illustrated by the results of a field test in which an Athabasca bitumen was emulsified and pumped through a 3-in. x 4000-ft. pipe-loop system for a total distance of approximately 500 miles. The emulsion in this case comprised 75% by weight of the 8.3 API bitumen and 25% of a synthetic brine containing 1.7% NaCl. (API gravity is defined in the Glossary.) The surfactant used was a mixture of two ethoxylated nonylphenol surfactants the first component contained an average of 40 ethylene oxide units per molecule, and the second component contained 100 units. Approximately 1500 ppm of the surfactant mixture, based on the total... 

The last technique, which is the best one when there is very little information on the unknown component, is based on the mixing of a pair of known components with the unknown one, and the use of a linear mixing rule. For instance, if the characteristic parameter ((3 = a - EON) of an unknown non-ionic surfactant is to be determined, the correlation to be used for the mixture of the two base products, such as two ethoxylated nonylphenols with different EONs, e.g. EONi and EON2, so that the mixture that results in three-phase behaviour is EONm is as follows ... 

The calculation cannot be carried out in an accurate way because, as mentioned before, the mixing rule between anionic and non-ionic surfactants is not actually linear due to a shielding of the ionic group by the polyethylene oxide chain. However, the use of a linear approximation often leads to a fairly good estimate in some cases such as a mixture of alkylbenzene sulphonates and ethoxylated nonylphenols to be considered as an example next [61]. 

Prior reaction of nonylphenol with a variety of different aliyiic, allylglycidyl and glycidylacrylate intermediates and glycidol itself has been used to provide structures, containing unsaturation in a side-chain, which were then ethoxylated. Vinylic polymerisation proceeding through the double bond in the side-chain could finally be employed to obtain further structurally modified products. The final products from these transformations almost certainly are mixtures. 

Surface-Active Materials. The active defoamer components are necessarily surface active materials, but this ancillary category covers the surfactants that are often incorporated in the formulation for other effects such as emulsification or to enhance dispersion. Emulsifiers are essential in the common oil-in-water emulsion systems, but they are also required where mixtures of active liquid components are used. For example, specialized oil-in-oil emulsifiers are needed in defoamers based on silicone/polyether mixtures, oil-in-water emulsifiers are incorporated in some defoamers even when the final product contains no water. This is to promote emulsification (self-emulsifiable) or dispersion into aqueous foaming systems. These additives increase the speed of foam decay by promoting rapid dispersion of the defoamer throughout the foaming media. Examples of emulsifying agents used in defoamer compositions are fatty acid esters and metallic soaps of fatty acids fatty alcohols and sulfonates, sulfates, and sulfosuccinates sorbi-tan esters ethoxylated products such as ethoxylated octyl or nonylphenols and silicone-polyether copolymers. 

Figure 1 Effect of changing the ri hexane concentration of the emulsion e uiUbralion time for systems containing different prt Kmions of phosfAatcd nonylphenol eihoxylate (PNE) and phosphalcd fatly alcohol ethoxylate (PFE).. System containing 9 I PNE/ PFE O. system containing I 9 R>JE/PFE . system containing 1 1 PNE/PFE. (a) Mixture consists of middle phase liquid crystal, (b) Mixture consists of gel phase, (cl Mixture consists of neat phase liquid Crystal. (From Ref. 7.)...

Linuron and monolinuron herbicides are prone to base-catalyzed decomposition in water. In order to stabilize the chemicals citric acid is added to bring the final pH to 5-6. Propylene glycol is added as a humectant, retarding evaporation of spray droplets on treated surfaces. The surfactants used are a combination of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate and sulfonated lignin with an ethoxylated nonylphenol. Suspension of the solid herbicides in water is achieved by thickening the mixture with a synergistic combination of polysaccharide xanthan and a montmorillonite thickener. 

Figure 6.3 Bidimensional formulation/WOR map showing the nSOWphase behaviour, the inversion locus and the emulsion types in each region (MAKON mixtures are ethoxylated nonylphenol nonionic surfactants with different average numbers of ethylene oxide groups)...

Sulfated nonylphenol 6-mole ethoxy-late and sulfated octylphenol 3-mole ethoxylate determination in sea water mixtures elution in order of decreasing ethoxylation separation from nonionic matter (elutes first)... 

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