Nonylphenol ethoxylate

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

Nonene, or propylene tetramer, is used to alkylate phenol, which is subsequently ethoxylated to produce nonylphenol ethoxylate, an efficient, rehable industrial surfactant. 

Emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate in the presence of ethylene oxide- or propylene oxide-based surfactants and protective coUoids also are characterized by the formation of graft copolymers of vinyl acetate on these materials. This was also observed in mixed systems of hydroxyethyl cellulose and nonylphenol ethoxylates. The oxyethylene chain groups supply the specific site of transfer (111). The concentration of insoluble (grafted) polymer decreases with increase in surfactant ratio, and (max) is observed at an ethoxylation degree of 8 (112). 

In comparison with other anionics, little has been published concerning methods of analysis of ether carboxylates. Gerhardt et al. [238] investigated the analytical determination of ether carboxylic acids in reaction mixtures obtained by reaction of nonylphenol ethoxylates with sodium chloroacetate as well as by cyanoethylation by different methods. Several methods, used for other surfactants as well [239], can be used for ether carboxylates. 

Jones, RW. and Westmoreland, D.J. (1998). Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates during the composting of sludges from wool scour effluents. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 2623-2627. 

Naylor, C.G. (1995). Environmental fate and safety of nonylphenol ethoxylates. Textile Chemist and Colorist 27, 29-33. 

Fenner K, C Kooijman, M Scheringer, K Hungerbiihler (2002) Including transformation products into the risk assessment for chemicals the case of nonylphenol ethoxylate usage in Switzerland. Environ Sci Technol 36 1147-1154. 

For analysis of surfactants, i.e. detection, identification and quantification, LC-TSP-MS and MS/MS are also qualified methods for substance-specific information [600-602]. A mixture of non-ionic surfactants, comprising nonylphenol ethoxylates [C9Hi9-(CeH4)-0-(CH2-CH2-0)m-H], anionic surfactants and PEG, was... 

PLE pressurized liquid extraction, SPE solid phase extraction, UE ultrasonic extraction, DSPE dispersive solid phase extraction, SBSE stir bar sorptive extraction, TD-GC-MS thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LAS linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, CDEAs coconut diethanol amides, NPEOs nonylphenol ethoxylates, DP degradation products, SPC sulphenyl carboxylates, PCDD dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), PCDF dibenzofurans, PCBs biphenyls... 

Gonzalez S, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2004) Simultaneous extraction and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, coconut diethanol amides, nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products in wastewater treatment plants, receiving coastal waters and sediments in the Catalonian area (NE Spain). J Chromatogr A 1052(1-2) 111-120... 

Use of hazardous chemicals (nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), PCP and many other chemicals)... 

Similar results were previously seen with a similar column and a gradient (Ibrahim and Wheals, 1996). Although PEG was not analyzed in this work, nonylphenol ethoxylates eluted after octylphenol ethoxylates, suggesting an alkyl contribution to retention. Since AE s have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic section, the alkyl portion may be interacting with the hydrophobic siloxane functionality and the EO portion may be interacting with the hydrophilic silanol functionality of the silica. 

Petrovic, M., Gehringer, P., Eschweiler, H., Barcelo, D. (2004). LC-MS-MS determination of oxidative degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, carboxylates and nonylphenols in water. Water Sci. Technol. 50 (5), (Assessment and Control of Hazardous Substances in Water), 227-234. 

In contrast to the above trends, during the 1980s and 1990s there has been considerable environmental concern over the alleged effects of the nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylates. 

EU (2003) Directive 2003/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2003 amending for the 26th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylate and cement). Off J L178/24... 

Di Corcia A, Costantino A, Crescenzi C, Marinoni E, Samperi R (1998) Characterization of recalcitrant intermediates from biotransformation of the branched alkyl side chain of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. Environ Sci Technol 32 2401-2409... 

Esperanza M, Suidan MT, Nishimura F, Wang ZM, Sorial GA (2004) Determination of sex hormones and nonylphenol ethoxylates in the aqueous matrixes of two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants. Environ Sci Technol 38 3028-3035... 

Ferguson PL, Iden CR, Brownawell BJ (2001) Analysis of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in environmental samples by mixed-mode high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 938 79-91... 

Patureau D, Delgenes N, Delgenes JP (2008) Impact of sewage sludge treatment processes on the removal of the endocrine disrupters nonylphenol ethoxylates. Chemosphere 72 586-591... 

Moeller J, Reeh U (2003) Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge and source separated municipal solid waste under bench-scale composting conditions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70 248-254... 

Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E (2007) Simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates and polychlorinated biphenyls in sludge from waste-water treatment plants. Anal Chim Acta 584 455 161... 

APEOs are used in domestic and industrial applications. They are applied as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants or solubilisers. APEO derived from nonylphenol (NP), i.e. nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) comprises about 80% of the total market volume, while octylphenol-derived surfactants (OPEOs) account for 15-20%. Because of the persistence and toxicity of some degradation intermediates, their use has been reduced in several countries either through voluntary bans by the chemical industry or by legal regulations. However, excellent properties in combination with comparably low production costs hampers their complete replacement with other more environmentally acceptable alternatives. 

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