Surfactants ethoxylated

The kinetics of vinyl acetate emulsion polymeriza tion in the presence of alkyl phenyl ethoxylate surfactants of various chain lengths indicate that part of the emulsion polymerization occurs in the aqueous phase and part in the particles (115). A study of the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate reveals that a water-soluble poly(vinyl acetate)—sodium dodecyl sulfate polyelectrolyte complex forms, and that latex stabihty, polymer hydrolysis, and molecular weight are controlled by this phenomenon (116). 

Mazu PPG-Mazet Chemicals, Inc. wide variety of sihcone and ethoxylated surfactant types... 

Until the early 1980s, U.S. laundry liquid formulations contained combinations of LAS with AE (or even alkylphenol ethoxylate). Surfactant levels ranged from 20% to more than 40% active, and ratios ranged from high LAS/AE to low LAS/AE. Two examples of these laundry liquids are shown below. 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

FD-MS is also an effective analytical method for direct analysis of many rubber and plastic additives. Lattimer and Welch [113,114] showed that FD-MS gives excellent molecular ion spectra for a variety of polymer additives, including rubber accelerators (dithiocar-bamates, guanidines, benzothiazyl, and thiuram derivatives), antioxidants (hindered phenols, aromatic amines), p-phcnylenediamine-based antiozonants, processing oils and phthalate plasticisers. Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants have been characterised by FD-MS [115]. Jack-son et al. [116] analysed some plastic additives (hindered phenol AOs and benzotriazole UVA) by FD-MS. Reaction products of a p-phenylenediaminc antiozonant and d.v-9-lricoscnc (a model olefin) were assessed by FD-MS [117],... 

It is important that any method for surfactant analysis maintains the same oligomer distribution in the extracted samples. LLE and SPE are generally combined with chromatographic methods for separation and resolution of non-ionic surfactants into their ethoxamers. An alternative is the use of SPME-HPLC, recently reported by Chen and Pawliszyn [141]. Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants such as Triton X-100 and various Rexol grades in water were determined by means of SPME-NPLC-UV (at 220 nm) [142]. Detection limits for individual alkylphenol ethoxamers were at low ppb level. 

Jandera, P., Holcapek, M., Theodoridis, G. (1998). Investigation of chromatographic behavior of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in normal-phase and reversed-phase systems using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 813(2), 299-311. 

Di Corcia A, Costantino A, Crescenzi C, Marinoni E, Samperi R (1998) Characterization of recalcitrant intermediates from biotransformation of the branched alkyl side chain of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. Environ Sci Technol 32 2401-2409... 

Staples CA, Naylor CG, Williams JB, Gledhill WE (2001) Ultimate biodegradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates surfactants and their biodegradation intermediates. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 2450-2455... 

Ethoxylated fatty esters, emulsifiers, detergents, and dispersants, 8 710t Ethoxylated nonionic surfactants, microemulsions based on, 16 428 Ethoxylated surfactants, 24 142, 148 Ethoxylates, 24 149-151 Ethoxylation, fatty amines, 2 523 2-Ethoxypyridine, 21 104 Ethoxyquin, 10 854 13 42t, 51 2-Ethyl-1-butanol... 

Another example is the influence of the electrical resistance of PVC cable insulation. This is caused not by the organic pigment itself but by ethoxylated surfactants, which are added as auxiliaries in the manufacture of these pigments, especially azo pigments. Contrary to a repeatedly expressed view, a possible electrolyte content, which laked azo pigments for example can have, has no effect on the dielectric properties of PVC [34]. Some pigment manufacturers offer special product ranges with verified dielectric properties for this purpose. 

Solubilisation can best be illustrated by considering the phase diagrams of non-ionic surfactants containing poly(oxyethylene oxide) head groups. Such surfactants do not generally need a cosurfactant for microemulsion formation. At low temperatures, the ethoxylated surfactant is soluble in water... 

Thus, with nonionic surfactants, both types of micremulsions can be formed depending on the conditions. As shown above, with such systems temperature is the most crucial factor since the solubility of the surfactant in water or in oil depends on the temperature. One should remember that in aqueous solutions, the solubility of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants decreases with increase of temperature, whereas the reverse is true with oil solutions. 

Triton X-200 was used to study the effects of ethoxylation on the sulfonates. Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants were investigated using Synfac 8216 obtained from the Milliken Corporation. This was stated to be 100% active with a molecular weight of 1100-1200. HPLC showed this surfactant to be a mixture of several components. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants are widely used in laundry detergents. Chlorination of these compounds results in the formation of halogenated nonylphenolic DBFs, most of them brominated acidic compounds [126],... 

Uses. Principal use as an intermediate in the production of nonionic ethoxylated surfactants as an intermediate in the manufacmre of phosphite antioxidants used for the plastics and rubber industries... 

HPLC Methods for the Determination of Alkylphenol-Ethoxylate Surfactants,... 

Section 18.7 reports the methods for the determination of other emerging pollutants, whose presence in waters is due to the discharge of hygiene and cosmesis products, such as sunscreen, UV Liters, alkylphenol, and ethoxylate surfactants. 

HPLC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALKYLPHENOL-ETHOXYLATE SURFACTANTS, SUNSCREEN, AND UV FILTERS... 

Since this phenomenon takes place with all ethoxylated surfactants, the mixture of two commercial products would exhibit a similar loss of lipophilic oligomers. As a consequence, a mixture of two (commercial) mixtures, would approximately exhibit an apparent linear averaging rule which may be stated as ... 

RADIOPROTECTIVEAGENTS] (Vol20) -ethoxylate surfactant [SURFACTANTS] (Vol 23) -polyoxyethylene surfactant [SURFACTANTS] (Vol 23)... 

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