Polyethoxylated alkyl

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

A second series of ions in the spectra of polyethoxylated alkyl phenols at mte = 135, 179, 223, 267 are the result of benzylic cleavage of the alkyl chain. In environmental samples these species can become halogenated as a result of water treatment, substitution occurring on the aromatic ring. 

Chem. Descrip. Proprietary blend of polyethoxylated alkyl amines (Cg.C,8), alkyl POE glycols, and org. acids... 

Lin, J. T., D. G. Cornell, Correction method for UV spectrophotometry of turbid systems determination of A-polyethoxylated alkyl amide in clay supernatant. Anal. Chem., 1986,58, 830-833. 

Many other products can be used as softeners but are less important commercially because of greater cost and/or inferior properties. Examples are anionic surfactants such as long-chain (C16-C22) alkyl sulphates, sulphonates, sulphosuccinates and soaps. These have rather low substantivity and are easily washed out. Nonionic types of limited substantivity and durability, usually applied by padding, include polyethoxylated derivatives of long-chain alcohols, acids, glycerides, oils and waxes. They are useful where ionic surfactants would pose compatibility problems and they exhibit useful antistatic properties, but they are more frequently used as lubricants in combination with other softeners, particularly the cationics. 

Fig. 6 General structures of the most important surfactants and metabolites alkylphenol polyethoxylate (APE) alkylphenol (AP) alkyl ether (AE) alkylphenol ethoxy carboxylate (APEC) linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMAC) dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMAC) alkyldimethylbenzylammonium compounds (ADMBAC) esterquat (EQ) diesterquats (DEQ). X is usually a chlorine or bromine atom. DDAC (didecyldimethylammonium chloride) and BDD12AC (benzyldimethyldode-cylammonium) are the two target analytes with a reported immunochemical technique developed for their analysis [153,154]...

Commercially, the most important non-ionic surfactants (APEOs and AEOs) are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic (ethylene oxide chains of various length) and a hydrophobic (alkyl phenols, fatty acids, long chain linear alcohols, etc.) part. The polyethoxylated... 

Non-ionic surfactants of a commercial washing powder were separated by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and determined by APCI-MS. The constituents were first extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using C02 with or without methanol as a modifier. Variations of the conditions resulted in a selective extraction of the analytes, which could be determined without further purification. Six groups of surfactants were observed, four of which are alkyl-polyethoxylates. The presence of APEO could be excluded by identification recording SFC-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra [31]. 

This includes bioremediation cases of contaminated sites with several toxic and carcinogenic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, PAHs, dichlorobenzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, Dicamba, methyl bromide, trinitrotoluene, silicon-based organic compounds, dioxins, alkyl-phenol polyethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The following is a brief summary of each case. 

The well-known empirical Bancroft s rule [84] states that the phase in which the surfactant is preferentially soluble tends to become the continuous phase. An analogous empirical correlation has been reported by Shinoda and Saito [85]. Eor a nonionic surfactant of the polyethoxylated type [R-(CH2-CH2-0) -0H, where R is an alkyl chain], as temperature increases, the surfactant head group becomes less hydrated and hence the surfactant becomes less soluble in water and more soluble in oil. Its phase diagram evolves as schematically shown in Fig. 1.4. At low... 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are nonionic surfactants produced by the polyethoxylation of linear fatty alcohols. Products tend to be mixtures of polymers of slightly varying molecular weights and the numbers used to describe polymer lengths are average values. 

This combination is comparably milder combination than that of caustic soda and hence ideally suitable for more delicate cloths and colour woven goods compensating for the slower action of the milder alkali by the addition of a detergent. Anionic products like sodium alkyl sulphates and alkyl aromatic sulphonates and non-ionics like polyethoxylated compounds are used as detergent. Sometimes mixtures of anionic and non-ionic products are used. It is possible to obtain a synergistic effect between a detergent and alkali, so that the two agents when combined increase their total activities rather than inhibit each other. Fig. 4-2 shows the syn-... 

Brown NM, Benke GM (1977) Safety testing of alkyl polyethoxylate non-ionic sifffactants. II Subchronic studies. Ed Cosmet Toxicol 15 319-324... 

The salinity effect of different salts, particularly divalent cation salts, is expressed through the term bS in the correlation for non-ionic surfactants of the polyethoxylated phenol or alcohol type. No information is available yet on the salinity effect on other non-ionics such as alkyl-polyglucosides. The salinity effect on ionic surfactant systems is a more complex issue because the surfactant itself is also a (more or less) dissociated electrolyte. Its degree of dissociation is paramount as far as its hydrophilicity is concerned. For instance sodium salts of alkyl sulphonic acids are essentially completely dissociated, hence they act as the sulphonate ion, and it is essentially the same with the salt of potassium or ammonium. The presence of multivalent anions produces an interference with the monovalent anionic surfactant ion, such as an alkyl benzene sulphonate, but it is essentially an ideal mixing rule. 

It has been known for almost three decades that mixing anionic and ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants allows to produce microemulsions which are insensitive to temperature changes [60]. The expressions of the HLD for the two kind of surfactants (see Eqs. (3.24) and (3.25)) exhibit a different sign before the aj and cj temperature coefficients. The signs express the fact that the affinity of water for an ionic surfactant increases when the temperature increases, whereas the reverse takes place with a polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactant. Coefficient ax is about 0.01 for alkyl benzene sulphonates and 0.02 for alkyl trimethyl quaternary ammoniums, while cT is in the 0.05-0.1 range for ethoxylated alcohols and phenols, with a tendency to increase with the ethoxylation degree and to decrease with increased temperature. The fact is that the effect of the temperature is several times stronger with non-ionics, hence a mixture insensitive to temperature should contain more ionic than non-ionic, so that the effects could cancel out [60-62]. 

In recent years considerable attention has been given to the biodegradability of polyethoxylates and the role of their structure in this process. In consequence, there has been a move away from multi-branched alkyl side-chain in the starting alkylphenolic raw material towards more linear chains, a circumstance already adopted in the use of kerylbenzenes for the manufacture of alkylaryl sulphonates. Another practice adopted has been that of sulphation of the terminal hydroxyl group in the polyalkoxylate. Recent studies on a comparison of ethoxylates derived from the natural alkenylphenol, cardanol and from nonylphenol have indicated a considerable difference in biodegradability (ref. 24). 

The most extensive group of ether surfactants is that of polyethoxylated long-chain alcohols and related ethoxylated products considered, in view of their practical importance, in a separate section. Other ether nonionics of importance are polypropylene glycols, propoxylated alcohols, block-copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, block-copolymers of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide [8, 16-20], block-copolymers having a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane moiety [19, 21], as well as alkyl polyglycerides, alkyl polyglycosides, derivatives of maltose and other saccarides. 

Alkyl (CIS) polyethoxylates (ethoira 5). See Trideceth-6 All l dimetnyl benzyl ammonium cnioride Alkyidimethyl (phenylmethyl) quaternary ammonium chiorides Aii i ((ethyiphenyO methyl) dim-ethyi quaternary ammonium chiorides. See Benzalkonium chloride... 

Synonyms Alkyl (Cl 3) polyethoxylates (ethoxy 5) PEG-6 tridecyi ether PEG 300 tridecyi ether POE (6) alkyl (13) ether POE (6) tridecyi ether Tridecanol condensed with 6 moles ethi ene oxide Definition PEG ether of tridecyi alcohol Empirical C25FI52O,... 

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