Spray adjuvants

C below the melting point. The nature and the size of the exposed surface of the deposit on the leaf surface can be modified by spray adjuvants such as wetting agents, thickeners or particulating agents. The deposited pesticide may also interact with the target surface, with leaf exudates or with the polymeric wax-like surface of cutin. It may also physically penetrate the surface of the leaf. 

Effect of Spray Adjuvants. The effect of a surfactant with acifluorfen is also shown in Figure 8. The effects of chemical herbicides in the presence or absence of a surfactant must be determined in experimental systems used to evaluate bioherbicides. The effect of surfactants/adjuvants on chemical herbicides are many and varied and have been reviewed recently (jl ). It is axiomatic that many adjuvants are toxic to microorganisms (37-39). thus, the interaction of spray adjuvants with bioherbicides must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. 

The apparent hydrophobicity of A. cassiae spores prevents even dispersion in aqueous spray systems without the use of a surfactant. Although non-ionic surfactants such as Sterox NJ (nonoxynol (9 to 10 POE) [a-(p-nonylphenyl)-(o-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene)]) have been used to disperse A. cassiae spores (1 ), it was found that emulsified oils are superior to non-ionic surfactants for this purpose (liD (Figure 9). This may be attributed to the fact that binding of A. cassiae spores to the host is superior when emulsified oils 1% (v/v) are included in the spray solution. When drying time following host inoculation with A. cassiae spores is varied prior to 0.6 cm simulated rainfall, efficacy of this bioherbicide on sicklepod is increased in the presence of emulsified oils compared to non-ionic surfactants (Figure 10). The adhesive effect of oils, surfactants, and other spray adjuvants is known (AJL). ... 

Figure 10. Effect Of drying time prior to simulated rainfall x spray adjuvant interaction on efficacy of Alternaria cassiae (1.1 kg/ha). Spores were produced by a proprietary modification of the method of walker (15). Sicklepod plants in cotyledon to 1-leaf growth stage were inoculated with A. cassiae spores in 1871 L/ha containing 0.25% (v/v) Sterox NJ or X-77 1% (v/v) Agri-Dex or Sun Oil (IIN). After indicated drying times inoculated plants were subjected to 0.6 cm simulated rainfall and placed in a dew chamber for 8 h at 25° C. Plants were removed to a greenhouse and observations were recorded 14 days after inoculation.

Flexibility of Use. Products based on Bt have been successfully incorporated into pest management programs in agriculture, forestry and vector control. This is largely due to the fact that the Bt delta endotoxin and spores are relatively stable when tank mixed with conventionally used fungicides, insecticides and spray adjuvants. In addition, most commercial Bt formulations have been designed to optimize shelf life, as well as physical compatibility with other agricultural chemicals and application systems. 

Chappie AC, Downer RA and Hall FR Effects of spray adjuvants on swath patterns and droplet spectra for a flat-fan hydraulic nozzle, Crop Protection, 12 579-590 (1993). 

Herb Spray. [Weston Nutrients] Spray adjuvant for herbicides. 

Latron. [Rohm Haas] Agric. spray adjuvant... 

All of these avenues - use of kairomone attractant, and spray adjuvant, phenolic antioxidants, and other factors that reduce aflatoxin biosynthesis - have the same potential result, to reduce aflatoxin levels in commercial nuts so as to preserve traditional markets and keep the products safe as well as healthy for consumers, and do so without, or with minimal use of synthetic insecticide and fungicides. 

Poly(pPIN) was used as a spray adjuvant in pesticide applications to crops to increase their deposition and to decrease their rate of decay, which resulted in increased efficiency [98]. This effect is achieved through the formation of an organic film covering the crop foliage, which protects the active component from rain and wind erosion as well as volatilization. 

Luttrell, R. G. Yearian, W. C. Young, S. Y. Effect of spray adjuvants on Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus efficacy. J. Econ. Entomol. 1983,76,162-167. 

Formulation and initial placement influence the susceptibility of organophosphorus insecticides to transport in surface runoff, as well as their degradation by abiotic and microbial processes. Formulation affects the kinetics of insecticide release into soil water and overland flow, as well as sorption to soil solids and plant surfaces. Spray adjuvants affect initial placement by influencing the amount of insecticide depositing on foliar and soil surfaces. Initial placement determines the relative importance of such processes as volatilization, photolysis, biodegradation, and leaching out of the zone of interaction with overland flow. 

Prior to application of spray formulations, spray adjuvants are typically added to the insecticide mixture to enhance the efficacy of the active ingredient. Spray adjuvants include surfactants, compounds that impart adhesion and viscoelasticity to spray droplets (e.g., latex), compounds that provide protection from ultraviolet light and reduce volatilization, and activators. The coapplication of these compounds affects organophosphorus insecticide dissipation and transfer to surface runoff Some adjuvants and formulation ingredients are toxicologically significant themselves (e.g., nonylphenol ethoxylates). 

The effect of formulation and spray adjuvants on insecticide efficacy has received considerable attention from the pesticide industry. However, few detailed mechanistic studies on the role these additives play in environmental fate processes have appeared in the open literature. Application of laboratory-derived process information to field scenarios is hindered by the fact that most laboratory investigations have used technically pure (unformulated) organophosphorus insecticides. Including the effects of formulation ingredients on such processes as volatilization and sorption to soil solids would allow laboratory studies to better predict the environmental behavior of these compounds. 

Formulation strongly affects the amount of organophosphorus insecticide washed off from foliar surfaces. For example, azinphos-methyl and phosmet formulated as emulsifiable concentrates were highly susceptible to washoff, while wettable powder formulations were not (58). Thin-walled fenitrothion microcapsules were less prone to washoff than the emulsifiable concentrate (59). The composition of spray adjuvants also affected the degree of washoff (5<5). 

Uses Spray adjuvant designed to improve pesticide applic. by moditying wetting, spreading, and deposition of tank mix sprays Features Compat. with wide range of pesticides forms stable emulsions in their tank mixes intended for use with herbicides and defoliants where crop oil concentrate is rec. approved for aquatic applies. 

Uses Spray adjuvant, antifoam, spreader-activator for use with acaricldes, defoliants, desiccants, fungicides, herbicides. Insecticides Properties Liq. completely sol. in water Biobase AA [Tri-K Ind.]... 

Cide-Kick Spray Adjuvant [Brewer Int l.j Chem. Descrip. D-Limonene (from citrus peel) and nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ether... 

Uses Environmentally friendly spray adjuvant for pesticides/herbicides all-in-one wetting agent, activator, and penetrant natural sticking and masking action reduces surf, tension breaks down waxy cuticle on leaf surf, and helps penetrate bud and bark area allowing for more effective uptake of herbicide Reguiatory SARA nonreportable... 

Uses Crop oil cone, type spray adjuvant which exhibits spreading and wetting props, of nonionic surfactant improves pesticide applic. by modifying wetting, coverage, deposition, and uptake of act. ingred. has potential for creating heavy... 

Uses Advanced wetter/spreader/penetrant spray adjuvant that will significantly lower surf. tens, compared to other spray adjuvants enhances pesticide/herbicide performance through stomatal penetration safe in agric., industrial, and aquatic applies. 

Chem. Descrip. Formulated spray adjuvant Ionic Nature Nonionic... 

Uses Spray adjuvant, wetting agent, surf, tens, reducer for pesticide sprays Features Low foaming enhances distribution of pesticide spray sol ns. 

Uses Dry cone, spray adjuvant which provides rapid spreading and absorp. of pesticide sprays onto plant leaves and stems Regulatory FDA 40CFR 180.1001(c)(d)... 

Uses Agric. spray adjuvant, emulsifier laundry and car wash detergent, general purpose cleaner, degreaser... 

Chem. Desciip. Blend of nonionic surfactants and diluents Ionic Nature Anionic/nonionic Uses Agric, spray adjuvant Properties Liq,... 

Uses Emulsifier, spreader sticker spray adjuvant for herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides... 

Trade Names Containing Cide-Kick Spray Adjuvant DA425 Kammo Rhodat-erge D Green II Tallofin OT... 

---