Alkylphenolic polyethoxylated

Ahel M, Molnar E, Ibric S, Giger W (2000) Estrogenic metabolites of alkylphenol polyethoxylates in secondary sewage effluents and rivers. Water Sci Technol 42 15-22... 

Ahel M, Giger W, Koch M (1994) Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment - I. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment. Water Res 28 1131-1142... 

Ahel M, Giger W (1993) Aqueous solubillity of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates. Chemosphere 26 1461-1470... 

Fig. 6 General structures of the most important surfactants and metabolites alkylphenol polyethoxylate (APE) alkylphenol (AP) alkyl ether (AE) alkylphenol ethoxy carboxylate (APEC) linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) alkyltrimethylammonium compounds (ATMAC) dialkyldimethylammonium compounds (DADMAC) alkyldimethylbenzylammonium compounds (ADMBAC) esterquat (EQ) diesterquats (DEQ). X is usually a chlorine or bromine atom. DDAC (didecyldimethylammonium chloride) and BDD12AC (benzyldimethyldode-cylammonium) are the two target analytes with a reported immunochemical technique developed for their analysis [153,154]...

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

Ahel, M. and Giger, W. Aqueous solubility of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates, Chemosphere, 26(8) 1461-1470, 1993. 

Montgomery-Brown J., J.E. Drewes, R Fox, and M. Reinhard (2003). Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment. Water Research 37 3672-3681. 

United States and Canada have water quality guidelines and European countries banned the use of alkylphenol polyethoxylates. To date, there is no standard available for regulating APs in the environmental media of South Korea. Most of the sites investigated throughout the South Korean peninsula are not expected to be sufficiently contaminated with APs or BPA to cause adverse effects. However, NP concentrations in some waters and sediments were over the guidelines of the USA and Canada. This means that aquatic organisms can be adversely affected by NP exposure in some aquatic systems. Therefore, actions should be taken to implement the regulations of NP to protect the aquatic ecosystems in South Korea. 

Goda, Y., A. Kobayashi, S. Fujimoto, et al. 2004. Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of alkylphenol polyethoxylates and their biodegradation products. Water Res. 38 4323 1330. 

Ahel, M., C. Schaffner, and W. Giger. 1996. Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environmentlll. Occurrence and elimination of their persistent metabolites during infiltration of river water to groundwater. Water Res. 30 37-46. 

Servos MR. 1999. Review of the aquatic toxicity, estrogenic responses and bioaccumulation of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates. Water Qual Res J Canada 34 123-177. 

Ahel, M., Giger, W. (1993b) Partitioning of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates between water and organic solvents. Chemosphere 26, 1471-1478. 

A large amount of phenols is released in wastewater and can be lost to waste streams. A rapid increase in the distribution and abundance of plastic debris in the ocean around the world was reported, and the adverse influence of plastic s phenol residues has been of great interest Polluted water disinfection, enzymatic oxidation of chlorinated phenols, decomposition of alkylphenol polyethoxylates and combustion of phenols can lead to the formation of highly toxic compounds. High adsorption of phenols on sludge and sediments requires that their distribution in these systems also be followed. All of these facts have promoted extensive research on phenolic compounds and their fate in the environment. 

Alkylphenols (APs), particularly nonylphenols (NPs) and to a lesser extent octylphenols (OPs), are extensively used for the production of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), a class of non-ionic surfactants that has been largely employed for more than 40 years in textile and paper processing and in the manufacture of paints, coatings, pesticides, industrial detergents, cosmetics and spermicidal preparations, as well as various cleaning products. NPs are also used in the manufacturing processes of many plastics and as monomers in the production of phenol/formaldehyde resins. Smaller quantities of NPs are employed in the production of tri(4-nonylphenyl) phosphite as an anti-oxidant for rubber and in the manufacture of lubricating oil additives. 

Giger, W., M.Ahel, M.Koch, H.U.Laubscher, C.Schaffner and J.Schneider. 1987b. Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants and of nitrilotriacetate in sewage treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 19 449-460. 

Marcomini, A., F.Fdipuzzi, and W.Giger. 1988a. Aromatic surfactants in detergent cleaning products linear aUcylbenzenesulphonates and alkylphenol polyethoxylates. Chemosphere. 17 853-863. 

Marcomini, A., and W.Giger. 1987. Simultaneous determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, and nonylphenol by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 59 1709-1715. McEvoy, J., and W.Giger. 1986. Determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates in sewage sludge by high-resolution... 

Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) are among the most commonly used nonionic surfactants with a wide variety of commercial and domestic applications, such as in the manufacturing of pulp and... 

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