Nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants

Di Corcia A, Costantino A, Crescenzi C, Marinoni E, Samperi R (1998) Characterization of recalcitrant intermediates from biotransformation of the branched alkyl side chain of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. Environ Sci Technol 32 2401-2409... 

Hao C., T.R. Croley, R.E. March, et al. 2000. Mass spectrometric study of persistent acid metabolites of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. J. Mass Spectrom. 35 818-830. 

Scarlett, M., Fisher, J. A., Zhang, H., and Ronan, M., Determination of dissolved nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in waste waters by gas stripping and isocratic high performance liquid chromatography. Water Res., 28, 2109-2116, 1994. 

Shang, D. Y, Macdonald, R. W. M. G. Ikonomou, 1999. Persistence of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants and Their Primary Degradation Products in Sediments from near a Municipal Outfall in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 1366-1372. 

Pawliszyn J (2002) Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory. In Barcelo D (ed.) Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, vol. 37. Amsterdam Elsevier. Shang DY, MacDonald RW, and Ikonomou MG (1999) Persistence of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants and their primary degradation products in sediments from near a municipal outfall in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Science and Technology 33 1366-1372. 

Pelizzetti, E. Minero, C. Maurino, V. Sclafani, A. Hidaka,H. and Serpone, N. (1989) Photocatalytic degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylated surfactants . Environmental Science and Technology 23, 1380-1385. 

Many different types of foaming agents are used, but nonionic surfactants are the most common, eg, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, fatty amine oxides, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and octylphenol ethoxylates, to name a few (see Alkylphenols). Anionic surfactants can be used, but with caution, due to potential complexing with cationic polymers commonly used in mousses. 

Nonene, or propylene tetramer, is used to alkylate phenol, which is subsequently ethoxylated to produce nonylphenol ethoxylate, an efficient, rehable industrial surfactant. 

Emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate in the presence of ethylene oxide- or propylene oxide-based surfactants and protective coUoids also are characterized by the formation of graft copolymers of vinyl acetate on these materials. This was also observed in mixed systems of hydroxyethyl cellulose and nonylphenol ethoxylates. The oxyethylene chain groups supply the specific site of transfer (111). The concentration of insoluble (grafted) polymer decreases with increase in surfactant ratio, and (max) is observed at an ethoxylation degree of 8 (112). 

In comparison with other anionics, little has been published concerning methods of analysis of ether carboxylates. Gerhardt et al. [238] investigated the analytical determination of ether carboxylic acids in reaction mixtures obtained by reaction of nonylphenol ethoxylates with sodium chloroacetate as well as by cyanoethylation by different methods. Several methods, used for other surfactants as well [239], can be used for ether carboxylates. 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

For analysis of surfactants, i.e. detection, identification and quantification, LC-TSP-MS and MS/MS are also qualified methods for substance-specific information [600-602]. A mixture of non-ionic surfactants, comprising nonylphenol ethoxylates [C9Hi9-(CeH4)-0-(CH2-CH2-0)m-H], anionic surfactants and PEG, was... 

APEOs are used in domestic and industrial applications. They are applied as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants or solubilisers. APEO derived from nonylphenol (NP), i.e. nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) comprises about 80% of the total market volume, while octylphenol-derived surfactants (OPEOs) account for 15-20%. Because of the persistence and toxicity of some degradation intermediates, their use has been reduced in several countries either through voluntary bans by the chemical industry or by legal regulations. However, excellent properties in combination with comparably low production costs hampers their complete replacement with other more environmentally acceptable alternatives. 

The experimental evaluation [4] of the stability of non-ionic surfactants (nonylphenol ethoxylates, NPEOs, and alcohol ethoxylates, AEOs) during sample storage showed that aqueous samples can be stored at 4°C without addition of any preservative only for a short time (a maximum of 5 days). The most often used preservative is formaline (1-8% (v/v) of 37% solution of formaldehyde in water). 

Based on their use in industrial and domestic applications and abundance in environmental samples, six surfactants were selected by the participants of interlaboratory study I. Two different standard mixture solutions (standards II and 12) were distributed to all participants for the preparation of the calibration graphs. Standard II contained Arkopal N100 (NPEO), Marlamid DF 1218 (coconut fatty acid diethanolamide, CDEA) and Marlon A 350 (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, LAS) at 1000 mg L-1 for each compound, while standard 12 contained Rewopol NOS 5 (nonylphenol ethoxylate sulfate, NPEO-SO4),... 

Ecotoxicological effects have been demonstrated for a number of surfactants or their metabolites, including some still currently in use, such as the nonylphenol ethoxylates [1], and as such there is a necessity to find more environmentally acceptable alternatives. Whilst the silicones are not the major surfactant type in use to date, the efficient properties and indications of low environmental persistence and toxicity demonstrate their potential for widespread use [2-4]. Relatively little is known about these new, rapidly emerging surfactants and the purpose of this chapter is thus to collate the available data, present new data, and identify the future research required in this area in order to evaluate the environmental relevance of this class of surfactants. 

Although the occurrence of the non-ionic surfactant nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO Fig. 6.7.1) and its biodegradation intermediates in the aquatic environment has attracted large interest [18] because of the potential of some biotransformation products to mimic estrogenic effects, their fate and distribution in soil environments has been only investigated in a few cases. 

Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) are extensively used as surfactants in industrial products (see Chap. 1). NPEOs are a mixture of polyethoxylated mono-alkylphenols, predominantly para-substituted, and are used in the manufacturing of paints, detergents, inks, and pesticides [435, 446]. Surfactants are common water pollutants because of their use in aqueous solutions, which are discharged into the environment in the form of wastewater from treatment plants or sludge stored in landfills. Degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, i. e., nonylphenol (NP), have the potential to be bioaccumulated, thereby becoming toxic to aquatic [447] and soil microorganisms [435,448]. 

Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants are widely used in laundry detergents. Chlorination of these compounds results in the formation of halogenated nonylphenolic DBFs, most of them brominated acidic compounds [126],... 

Nonene is used in the manufacture of nonylphenol (30%) and ethoxylated nonylphenol nonionic surfactants. It is also used in the oxo process to make isodecyl alcohol (34%) for esters as plasticizers. 

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