Pipeline transportation

Mixed with additives, urea is used in soHd fertilizers of various formulations, eg, urea—ammonium phosphate (UAP), urea—ammonium sulfate (UAS), and urea—phosphate (urea + phosphoric acid). Concentrated solutions of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions (80—85 wt%) have a high nitrogen content but low crystallization point, suitable for easy transportation, pipeline distribution, and direct spray appHcation. 

Crude oil is recovered from the reservoir mixed with a variety of substances gases, water, and dirt (minerals) (4). Thus, refining actually commences with the production of fluids from the weU or reservoir and is followed by pretreatment operations that are appHed to the cmde oil either at the refinery or prior to transportation. Pipeline operators, for iastance, are iasistent upon the quahty of the fluids put iato the pipelines therefore, any cmde oil to be shipped by pipeline or, for that matter, by any other form of transportation must meet rigid specifications ia regard to water and salt content. In some iastances, sulfur content, nitrogen content, and viscosity may also be specified. 

Because much of the world lacks the natural gas resources and transportation pipelines of the United States, remote natural gas must be liquefied and transported by ship. Gas-rich countries want to capture stranded gas by liquefying and shipping it to gas-poor regions as LNG. The gas-poor countries enter into contracts so that a long-term supply is available to warrant the investment in the electricity-generating infrastructure. The overall investment is enormous, not only in the liquefaction plant, but in the refrigerated tankers and the regasification plant at the deliveiy site. 

Removal of water, condensate, and other unwanted components from the gas in order to bring it up to specifications before it enters the transport pipeline. 

Controlling Authority DOT/PHMSA (Over-road Transport, Pipeline Safety)... 

Siting - The preferred arrangement of bulk transport pipeline systems is for burial underground. This provides for enhanced protection from overhead events. This is even the case for offshore pipelines where there have been numerous incidents of dragged anchors from fishing vessels to pipelines exposed on the seabed. A radius of exposure from a pipeline can also be easily calculated for fires and vapor explosions based on the commodity, pressure, release opening, etc. From these calculations a restricted zone or similar can be designated. 

Industrial activities involving transportation, pipelines, laboratories, minerals extraction, mining, explosives manufacturing, pyrotechnic manufacturing, or military uses are not considered. 

The future ( ) Water replaces fossil fuels as the primary resource of hydrogen. Hydrogen is distributed via national networks of hydrogen transport pipelines and fueling stations. Hydrogen... 

Oil - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - CARBONIZATION] (Vol6) - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - GASIFICATION] (Vol6) - [SIZE ENLARGEMENT] (Vol 22) -fuel for limestone kilns [LIME AND LIMESTONE] (Vol 15) -hydrogen from [HYDROGEN] (Vol 13) -measurement of particles m [SIZE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLES] (V ol 22) -m nuts [NUTS] (Vol 17) -as petroleum lubricant [LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS] (Vol 15) -pipeline transport [PIPELINES] (Vol 19) -sample analysis by ms [MASS SPECTROMETRY] (Vol 15) -from shale [OIL SHALE] (Vol 17) -steel quenching m [STEEL] (Vol 22) -sulfur removal from [SULFUR] (Vol 23) -tanks for [TANKS AND PRESSURE VESSELS] (Vol 23) -use of fluidization [FLUIDIZATION] (Vol 11)... 

Rigid foams are based primarily on polyfunctional, low molecular weight alcohols and amines. Most global applications conventionally use polymeric isocyanates, TDI, or an undistilled grade of mixed TDI isomers. TDI prepolymers which have hydroxyl and isocyanate groups have been marketed as a low vapor pressure alternative to undistilled TDI. Density reduction is effected via the addition of chlorofluorocarbons, low molecular weight alkanes, or via the in situ generation of carbon dioxide. The resultant closed cell foams find applications as insulators in construction, appliance, transportation, pipeline, and tank end uses. 

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