Surfactants intermediates

MIBK is a flammable, water-white Hquid that boils at 116°C. It is sparingly soluble in water, but is miscible with common organic solvents. It forms an a2eotrope with water as shown in Table 2. Condensation of MIBK with another methyl ketone can produce ketones containing 9—15 carbons. For example, condensation with acetone produces diisobutyl ketone, and self-condensation of two MIBK molecules produces 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanone [123-17-1]. Condensation with 2-ethylhexanal gives 1-tetradecanol (7-ethyl-2-methyl-4-undecanol), avaluable surfactant intermediate (58). 

LAB is derived exclusively from petroleum- or natural gas-based feedstocks. Thus, it is referred to as a petrochemical (or synthetic) surfactant intermediate. Feedstocks for LAB production are generally paraffins (carbon chain length in the range of C8-C14) derived from kerosene and benzene. Internal olefins derived from ethylene are sometimes used in place of paraffins. 

For at least the next 25 years enough lauril (natural C12-C14) oil will not be available to replace petrochemical-based surfactants even if this were desired. However, the oleochemical share of the surfactant intermediate market will grow because a large portion of excess lauric oil (coconut and palm kernel) will be designated for the surfactant market and used to supply the fatty alcohol capacity that has been announced for startup in the coming years. 

Olefins. Olefin is a key surfactant intermediate produced by thermal or catalytic cracking of paraffin or alternatively from oligomization of ethylene. Olefins suitable for surfactant production are primarily linear with either terminal (a-olefins) or internal (i-olefins) double bonds. 

Alkylphenol. Alkylphenol is a common surfactant intermediate used to produce alkylphenol ethoxylates. Phenol reacts with an olefin thermally without a catalyst but with relatively poor yields. Catalysts for the reaction include sulfuric acid p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), strong acid resins, and boron trifluoride (BF3). Of these, strong acid resins and BF3 are mostly widely used for the production of surfactant-grade alkylphenols. The most common alkylphenols are octylphenol, nonylphenol, and dodecylphe-nol. Mono nonylphenol (MNP) is by far the most common hydrophobe. It is produced by the alkylation of phenol with nonene under acid conditions. All commercially produced MNP is made with nonene based on propylene trimer. Because of the skeletal rearrangements that occur during propylene oligomerization, MNP is a complex mixture of branched isomers. 

Secondary alcohols (C1Q—C14) for surfactant intermediates are produced by hydrolysis of secondary alkyl borate or boroxine esters formed when paraffin hydrocarbons are air-oxidized in the presence of boric acid [10043-35-3] (19,20). Union Carbide Corporation operated a plant in the United States from 1964 until 1977. A plant built by Nippon Shokubai (Japan Catalytic Chemical) in 1972 in Kawasaki, Japan was expanded to 30,000 t/yr capacity in 1980 (20). The process has been operated industrially in the USSR since 1959 (21). Also, predominantly primary alcohols are produced in large volumes in the USSR by reduction of fatty acids, or their methyl esters, from permanganate-catalyzed air oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons (22). The paraffin oxidation is carried out in the temperature range 150—180°C at a paraffin conversion generally below 20% to a mixture of trialkyl borate, (RO)3B, and trialkyl boroxine, (ROBO)3. Unconverted paraffin is separated from the product mixture by flash distillation. After hydrolysis of residual borate esters, the boric acid is recovered for recycle and the alcohols are purified by washing and distillation (19,20). 

Nonylphenol (Figure 5.28), a surfactant intermediate, has an -OH substituted ring structure similar to estradiol but with a long carbon chain attached. Nonylphenol does have estrogenic activity but only 9.0 X 10 6 that of estradiol (Pait and Nelson 2002). 

A reactive liquid epoxide used as an organic solvent and surfactant intermediate its polymers can be used for polyester, polyurethane, and polyacrylic resins, polyether polyols, flame-retardants, etc. 

AlfrriCK. [Vista] Fatty alcohols emulsifier, wetting agent, surfactant intermediate lubri t fOT metal loUii oils emollient for cosmetics defbamer. 

Amine. [Berol Nobel] Fatty amines emulsifier, corrosion inhibitor surfactant intermediates. 

Armeen DM. [Akzo] Dimethyl (tert) amines surfactant intermediates. 

Fluowet [Hoechst Celanese/Colorants Surf. Hoechst AG] Fluoroaliphatic ethoxylate surfactant, intermediate. 

Nalkylene . [Vista] Alkylbenzene sulfonates surfactant intermediates. 

Nansa . [Albright Wilson Am. Albright IK l UK] Surfactant intermediates, foamers, emulsifier, dispersant, wetting agemftu domestic aid industrial detergents, agric., kather, paper and pulp, textile, met coatii. polymerkation industries. 

Vista SA. [Vista] Linear allcylbenzene sulfonic acid surfactant intermediate. 

Branched long-chain alcohols (IV) obtained by condensation of lower alcohols (Guerbet synthesis) have some importance as lipophilic surfactants, emollients, and surfactant intermediates. Alcohols and sterols derived by saponification of wool wax, such as Amerchol 400 Amerchol), Argowax Westbrook Lanolin), Super Hartolan and Lanethyl Croda), sterols from vegetable waxes and oils, diols (such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-decyne-5-diol-4,7 (V) that is known as wetting agent) as well as long-chain epoxy hydrolysates (1,2-diols) are also of some importance. 

CAS 143-28-2 EINECS/ELINCS 205-597-3 Uses Emollient, superfatting agent, carrier, dispersant for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals antifoam in emulsion paints surfactant intermediate mfg. of solvents, oily components, defoamers, plasticizers, esters for lubricants... 

CAS 1338-24-5 EINECS/ELINCS 215-662-8 Uses Chem. and surfactant intermediate (derivs. used in wood preservatives, corrosion inhibitors, and also emulsifiers, defoamers, paint and ink driers, tire cord adhesives, fuel additives, cutting oils, vinyl stabilizers) prod, of metal soaps... 

Chem. Desaip. PEG 600 CAS 25322-68-3 EINECS/ELINCS 229-859-1 Uses Surfactant intermediate intermediate for fatty acid esters solubilizer, lubricant used in paper coating mixes antisticking agent oil resistor antistaL softener, humectanL and lubricant for textiles, metalworking Properties Pt-Co < 50 color clear paste m.w. 570-630 dens. 1.1257 g/ ml (20 C) vise. 64 cps f.p. 20-25 C flash pt. (PMCC) 210 C ref. index 1.4699 pH 5.5-7.0 (5% aq.) nonionic 100% act. 

Uses Analytical chemistry mfg. of mbber chemicals, varnish driers, resins, phamiaceuticals surfactant intermediate emulsifier in cosmetics syndietic flavoring agent in foods and pharmaceuticals plasticizer Regulatay FDA 21 CFR 172.515,173.315 FEMA GRAS Japan approved as flavoring... 

Uses Surfactant intermediate w/o emulsifier for detergents, personal care prods. sulfation intermediate food-pkg. adhesives, coatings, paper, cellophane emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles defoamer in food-contact coatings Trade Names Surfonic L24-1.3... 

Uses Surfactant intermediate wetting agent for detergents, cosmetics, textiles, leather, agric., paints/coatings, emulsion polymerization, lubricants, silicon and wax emulsions, metal treatment, plastics, paper processing... 

Uses Vinyl resin comonomer copolymers modifier, plasticizer for PVAc, paints intermediate surfactant intermediate cosmetics ingred. in food-pkg. adhesives... 

Uses Surfactant intermediate chemical intermediate for quat. ammonium derivs., betaines, amine oxides used for cosmetics and textiles emulsifier acid scavenger in petrol, prods. epoxy hardener catalyst in mfg. of flexible PU foams auxs. for fuel additives, paint germicide corrosion inhibitor gasoline additive Trade Names Noram M2SH... 

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